Media Interpretation on Health Promotion Research

Media Interpretation on Health Promotion ResearchD bureaune PotenteauA Critique of Marilynn Marchione (February 12, 2014) The Associated Press. Study ties run to shooting rates adventure may rise with high humidity, cold, temperature swings compendiousThe purpose of the new condition was to report on findings from a field claiming that extreme variances in seasonal weather patterns correlate to higher cam stroke rates. The focus on the info presented was from a fill done by Judith H Lichtman and others at the Yale school of Public Health in new-fashioned Haven Connecticut. In the term, the journalist Marilynn Marchione from the Associated Press, reports that through entropy analysis of cardinal national informationbases the seekers, utilize a non experimental design, have found correlation coefficient between large changes in daily temperature and the risk of hapless a stroke.Elements that Influence Believ efficiencyThe phrase effectively states the master(preno minal) objective of the hold stating the correlation between extreme variances in weather, humidity, and risk of a stroke. The side by side(p) sentence incorporates data from the research to reinforce the articles main claim stating As it got warmer, risk fell 3 percent for either 5 degrees, the flying field found(Marchione, 2014, p.1). To further the credibility of the article, the reference name and quotes Judy Lichtman, who is one of the educations lead researchers. Marchione also adds numerous quotes end-to-end her article. By quoting the responses of physicians, Maricione does non infer, but relays the opinions of medical professional. Another factor that adds to the plausibility is what physiologically happens to the body during extreme warm and cold variances. The originator incorporates ex political programations from incompatible physicians on the effect weather has on the body. She adds the comments from several physicians, such as Dr Larry Goldstein who was part of the study, along with other physicians not associated with the research. Having multiple viewpoints from medical staff office who explain causation of stroke due to weather conditions strengthens her article and tump overs the ratifier further confidence in what she is saying. In addition to the explanations atomic number 18 around particularized limitations of the study. Marchione notes limitations such as the omission participants due to a stroke caused by bleeding or aneurysm, and threshold values for temperatures.(Marchione, 2014, p.1). In commenting on the key omissions of the study, Marchione helps define the relationships of the study to the participants.Limitations in superior generalizability and HypothesisLoiselle, Profetto-McGrath, Polit, and Beck(2011, p.37) define generalizability as the criterion used in a quantifiable study to survey the extent to which study findings can be applied to other throngs and posttings. The beginnings first line in the a rticle empha sizes a stimulus generalization that is not found in any of the research findings. There may be a link between weather and the risk of suffering a stroke, say researchers who analyzed climate trends and hospital records on millions of Americans (Marchione, 2014, p.1). The hatchway sentence is an example of what philosophers define as a hasty generalization. The deficiency of relevant and specific knowledge has the pen rushing to a close prior to obtaining and evaluating all the gathered data (Weber, Brizee, 2013). Contrary to the title, the objective of the research was to determine if there was an association between temperature, and Ischemic stroke hospitalisation insurance rates and in hospital mortality in a translator standard. In addition, the system of the study was not clearly stated in the article. Loiselle defines the hypothesis as the predicted answer to expectations about relationships between study variables (Loiselle et al, p. 46). Coughlan, Cr onin, and Ryan furthers the report by stating that objectives, questions, and any hypothesis should be clearly stated in order to connect the purpose and any processes (Coughlan, Cronin, Ryan, 2007, p.660). By incorporating the hypothesis into the article, the former would have informed readers of what the researches methods were and help infrastand the results of their study.Limitations in Sample coat and Sample PlanLoiselle defines sample as a subset of the universe of discourse under study (Loiselle et al, p. 47). The sample size is not citeed in the article. Instead of millions, the sample size used was 157 130(Marchione, 2014, p.1). While a larger sample size better represents a target area tribe, the misrepresentation of the sample size may give the reader a false account of the participants in the study. In addition to giving a false sample size, the article also does not nominate that models were adjusted to match patient demographics. Age, sex, and race, along wit h seasonal changes, and comorbidity conditions were modified to fit with the target race. As a reader, the omission on selective criteria for the study participants can create uncertainty in grounds what population is susceptible.Another factor that was omitted from the article were specifics of the sampling plans. Loiselle defines sample plans as the specifics on how the sample leave alone be selected and how many participants there will be (Loiselle et all, p. 47). Nowhere in the article is there information that defines the cerebrate aver get along age of the target population mentioned was selected. In fact, the mean age was 71.6 years, and the article alludes to no age specific target. By omitting variables key to the research, the author inadvertently may lead to assumptions made by the reader on the age of population. Additional information was missing on how the sample plan specifically selected participants. The author claims that the research obtained from a national d atabase, is the most detail research on the issue but does not elaborate on any specifics. The researchers qualitative data was extracted from Nationwide Inpatient Sample database with a stratified sample of 20% . The article also provides no mention of data and the relationship to the results in the article. The researchers primary end point was for discharged patients with ischemic stroke (ICN-9-CM 433, 434, 436), and death during the index hospitalization(Lichtman Wang, Leifheit-Limson Goldstein, p. 1). This missing information can misplace the context of the stud for the reader.Limitations in Validity/ dependablenessLoiselle defines validity as the ability to accurately assess the observations, and reliability refers to the ability to measure with different participants with consistency (Loiselle et all, p. 34). While information on the subject of stroke patients, and quotes from the accredited individuals does add some credibility, the author fails to add any data on how or what processes were used. There is no mention of the sought after outcome which was to determine if there were associations between temperature and ischemic stroke hospitalization rates and in hospital mortality within a U.S. population (Lichtman et al, p. 1).In addition, the reliability of data collection and was missing from the article. The information was imperturbable from cohort and data sources (Litchman, et al, p. 1). The author provides whole 2 sentences of statistical data to inform the reader. The lack of primary information which is favored all over alternative or anecdotal data was another missing factor. Secondary data may lead to opinion, and have less credibility. While most information was presented in an interview type process, the general empirical meaningful data was omitted.Limitations in Non Experimental StudyLoiselle defines non experimental study as the way which researchers collect data without making changes or introducing treatments(Loiselle et al, p. 44). Loiselle further contends that experimental studies are explicitly designed to test causal relationships (Loiselle et al, p. 44). The author did not mention the non experimental approach used by Judith Lichtman and her colleagues. Cohort studies were implemented using a retrospective study to select a specific population. Stamler and Yu back this by stating that cohort studies look at individual histories of people with a specific disease to identify commonalities and differences (Stamler Yu, p.150). The study is retrospective because the data was smooth between 2010 2011. Stamler and Yu state that These studies focus on individual s unfastened to a particular health problem or potential stressor over time(Stamler, Yu, 2012, p.150). While the article does comment on the data set extracted from 2010 to 2011, the author omitted the reasons for choosing the test population and did not add any clearness or expansion of the operational definitions. In omitting the basic def ining characteristics of the quantitative study, the author did not inform the reader on give perspicacity into the causal relationships between stroke, and varying climate.Since the Most of the information given in the article comes in the form of quotes from researchers. In the article, the author claims that It is the largest and most circumstantial research on this issue, but does not list the specifics of the target population(Marchione, p.1). The author over reason the study, when in fact a specific population and target group had been selected. She is quoted as saying The new study looked at stroke hospitalization, not just deaths, in a wider population using a federal database(Marchione, 2014, p.1). The results in fact could not be generalized outside of the 157 130 patients that were age 71.6 or older, half organism women, and 66.6% were of Caucasian ethnicity. Freiberger confirms the need for accuracy by stating that clarity not only on how the research was conducted, b ut who and how participants involved in the study essential be present(Freiberger, p.1). Defining characteristics were also omitted in the article. Common characteristics of the test population included hypertension, diabetes, prior stroke, and cardiovascular disease. This lack of information in the article lends itself to reduced representativeness of the population and may lead a reader to not know the actual studied population.Discussion/ConclusionWhile the article does add information, the information presented, does not provide enough detailed elements of the study to clearly identify objectives, and any predictive hypothesis. First of all the objectives and hypothesis are never accurately stated in the article. Secondly the author does not include detailed sample plans or specify the slump sample size. Third, the validity and reliability specifics on where and how the data was obtained. Finally the author failed to expand on the non experimental study specifics. If these ele ments had been address to any width or depth within the article, the audience would have been better informed.General Public ParagraphOverall the study failed to give an accurate rendering of what the studys research was trying to achieve. The author has over generalized to the point where most of the information in the article can be taken out of context. The amount of people in the study, the age group of people in the study, the ways in which the study was performed, and along with the overall results were omitted from the article. Therefore the reader is left up to their own phenomenology to decipher and fork out what the author was trying to get across. A person reading this article may be lead to conclusions that variances in temperature may lead an clean person to develop a stroke. This type of incorrect representation of the study can be misleading as the author does not give false information but omits so much that errors in description are inevitable.ReferencesCoughlan , M, Cronin, P, Ryan, F.(2007). Step-by-step guide to critiquing research. Part 1 quantitative research. British Journal of Nursing 16(11)658-663Devane, D, Begley, C, Clarke, M. (2004). How many do I need? canonical principles of sample size estimation. Journal of Advanced Nursing 47(3), 297 302Freiberger, M. (2010). Medical research plagued by bad reporting. .Plus magazine, Retrieved from http//plus.maths.org/content/os/latestnews/jan-apr10/reporting/indexLitchman, J, Wang, Y, Leifheit-Limson, E, Goldstein, L. (2014). draw of average temperature and dew point with stroke hospitalization and mortality. Manuscript submitted for publication.Loiselle, C, Profetto-McGrath, J, Polit, D, Beck, C.(2011) Canadian essentials of treat research (3rd Canadian ed.).Philadelphia,PALippincott,Williams Wilkins.Marchione, M. (2014, February 12). Study ties weather to stroke rates risk may rise with high humidity, cold, temperature swings. The associated press, Retrieved from http//ca.news.y ahoo.com/study-ties-weather-stroke-rates-risk-may-rise-155625598.htmlStamler, L, Yu, L. (2012). Community health nursing A canadian perspective (3rd ed). Toronto. On PearsonWeber, R. Brizee, A. (2013).Logical fallacies. The Owl at Purdue University. Retrieved from https//owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/ pick/659/03/