Name Meaning and Origin of Christensen

Christensen literally means son of Christen, a common Danish variant of the given name Christian, which derives from the  Greek word xÏ ÃŽ ¹ÃÆ'Ï„Î ¹ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ÃÅ'Ï‚Â  (christianos), meaning follower of Christ. In Norway and Sweden, the -son variations such as Christenson and Kristenson are more common. Christensen is the 6th most popular surname in Denmark. Surname Origin:  Danish, Norwegian, North German Alternate Surname Spellings:  KRISTENSEN, CRESTENSEN, KRESTENSEN, CHRISTENSEN, KHRISTENSEN, CHRISTENSON, KRISTENSON, CHRISTIANSEN, KRISTIANSEN Famous People With the Surname Carlos Hugo Christensen, Argentine screenwriter, film director, and producerHelena Christensen, Danish supermodelHayden Christensen, Canadian-American actor and producerTom Kristensen, Danish poet, novelist, and journalist Genealogy Resources for the Surname Search Strategies for Common Last NamesUse these strategies for locating ancestors with common names like Christensen to help you research your CHRISTENSEN ancestors online. FamilySearch - CHRISTENSEN GenealogyAccess free historical records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Christensen surname. Source: Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Management of Challenging Behavior in Elderly People

The aim of this assignment is to explore challenging behaviour in the person with dementia. As it is outside the scope of this assignment to explore all the potential reasons for challenging behaviour, the focus of this assignment will be on challenging behaviour in the context of the communication of pain, using a case study to illustrate this. This assignment will describe challenging behaviours, the behaviours associated with pain, and the management strategies employed by nursing staff, using a person-centred approach to care. Finally, ways of improving the care provided will be explored and recommendations made. The rationale for choosing to discuss this issue is that I currently work as a staff nurse on an organic assessment†¦show more content†¦She exhibited frequent episodes of increased agitation of rapid escalation, with verbal and physical aggression, restlessness, disruptive and destructive behaviours evident. She also expressed beliefs that staff were keeping her against her will and were attempting to poison her, making frequent references to contacting the police. Ruth’s presentation was discussed in the initial multidisciplinary team meeting, which took place within the first week of her admission, and was expressed in terms of Ruth’s paranoid ideas and delusional beliefs. Gudgeon et al (2007) identify that the term challenging behaviour is often used interchangeably with the behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), which suggests that challenging behaviour is linked to the disease process rather than any other cause. Consequently, as highlighted by McAuliffe et al (2008), the primary treatment for Ruth’s presenting behaviours was with antipsychotic medication, which is in keeping with the medical model of dementia. Ballard and Waite (2006) report that there is no evidence to support the efficacy of antipsychotic medication for treating dementia-related psychosis and behavioural problems. A recent study by Ballard et al (2009) indicates that there is an increased long-term risk of mortality in patients with Alzheimer’s disease who are prescribedShow MoreRelatedMulticultural Psychology Essay900 Words   |  4 PagesThe methodical study of human behavior in situations in which people from different cultural backgrounds interact defines multicultural psychology. Many consider multicultural psychology a fourth force in psychology study. Communication, interactions, research, and investigations into human behaviors give insight into how different cultures interact socially and how they live among the different ethnic groups. Many issues have emerged in multicultural psychology. 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Age-related diseases are part of the aging process that put the elderly population at risks for physical, mental, and social incapacity in dealing with their everyday functioning. However, more than the external deleterious consequences of these diseases are the psychological ramifications that they have to older adults that are worth investigating. CerebrovascularRead MoreTraditional Methods Of Managing Behaviors1581 Words   |  7 PagesTraditional Methods of Managing Behaviors Versus Creative Means As life expectancies increase, the healthcare community as a whole is experiencing an increase in the instance of chronic disease both of the body and of the mind. One of the most challenging instances for any geriatric nurse is the prevalence of dementia and behavioral disorders. 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It is really challenging for people to understand the severity of this problem unless one encountered it in one’s life. Society began to really acknowledge this issue because of the cases that have been reported. There are varieties of categories of elder abuse that are reportable to a healthcare provider; however, many cases are still left unreportedRead MoreDiabetes Awareness Advertisement And Its Impact On The Audience1332 Words   |  6 Pageslife style (Novo Nordisk, 2014). The company acknowledges the growing concern diabetes has and addresses the need for â€Å"concerted action to address the pandemic, challenging systems, political priorities and health expectation worldwide† (Novo Nordisk, 2014). Education and support is therefore provided by Novo Nordisk, which allows people with diabetes to have the opportunity to wo rk towards positive outcomes that one can benefit from. The Diabetes Day advertisement is set to bring awareness about

John Lennon by Andy Warhol Essay Example For Students

John Lennon by Andy Warhol Essay John Lennox by Andy Warhol John Lennox by Andy Warhol was created in 1985 (Christie. Com), shortly after the Vietnam War ended in 1975 (Kennedy Hickman John Lennox, who was an antiwar activist, was assassinated in 1981 (Wisped). Due to his pivotal role in the music industry, he was extremely influential. Andy Warhol executed his portrait of John as a tribute four years after Lemons death. As a medium, Warhol used synthetic polymer paint and silkscreen inks on canvas (Christie-corn). His painting measured 40 by 41 inches (Christie. Com). Andy Warhol is best known for is Pop Art style. He uses bright colors and repetitive shapes to illustrate his opinion. Warhol also painted portraits of modern celebrities of whom he was very fond. Three years before the Vietnam War ended, Lennox recorded a song called Imagine. This song touched many lives, including Whorls, making him an enormous fan of Lemons (Wisped). Lemons song was the primary influence of Andy Whorls portrait, making it one of the most notable paintings done of John Lennox. In Whorls portrait of Lennox, he uses value not only to depict his depressed mood, but also to shed some light on how inspiring Lemons elite was. Warhol draws attention by highlighting the left side of Lemons face. He brightens one side to symbolize the light one might encounter when going to heaven. In the song Lennox sings of living life in peace. Warhol wanted to depict how he now believes Lemons life is at peace. He also illuminates half of Lemons face to demonstrate the purity and kindness of Lemons soul, Lennox dreams of the brotherhood of man, which is ironic considering he was assassinated by a fellow human being with whom he wanted to *live as one This irony is interpreted through the shadowed, right side of Lemons face. Warhol was devastated by the death of John Lennox, as were millions of other people around the world. Warhol depicts his devastation through the dark rings around Lemons eyes and the darkness surrounding Lennox. Although most Of the portrait is dark, Warhol made it a point to illuminate Lennox so people would reminisce in his decency and venerate his life. Warhol also used a smooth texture when executing this painting because he wanted to soften Lemons face in order to illustrate his benevolence. Andy Warhol wanted everyone to remember John Lennox as a generous and kindhearted individual. In order to create the effect of goodwill he had to take Lemons facial features and make them less intense. Warhol also used a smooth texture when creating the hair. He uses a smooth texture throughout the painting to represent the innocence with in Lemons heart. Whorls use of texture is this painting is immensely significant because it portrays John Lemons compassionate heart and soothing manner. Imagine by John Lennox Imagine theres no heaven Its easy if you try No hell below us Above us only sky Imagine all the people living for today Imagine theres no countries It isnt hard to do Nothing to kill or die for And no religion too Imagine all the people living life in peace You, you may say Im a dreamer, but Im not the only one hope someday youll join us And the world will be as one Imagine no possessions wonder if you can No need tort greed or hunger A brotherhood of man Imagine all the people sharing all the world And the world will live as one (w. M. Lyricists. Com) The human imagination can, and has, created some Of the most horrible atrocities, but it has also conjured up some of the most beautiful hopes and dreams. In the first verse Lennox speaks Of people living for today. .u937d76025f115ab2ae9423158a03574e , .u937d76025f115ab2ae9423158a03574e .postImageUrl , .u937d76025f115ab2ae9423158a03574e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u937d76025f115ab2ae9423158a03574e , .u937d76025f115ab2ae9423158a03574e:hover , .u937d76025f115ab2ae9423158a03574e:visited , .u937d76025f115ab2ae9423158a03574e:active { border:0!important; } .u937d76025f115ab2ae9423158a03574e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u937d76025f115ab2ae9423158a03574e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u937d76025f115ab2ae9423158a03574e:active , .u937d76025f115ab2ae9423158a03574e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u937d76025f115ab2ae9423158a03574e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u937d76025f115ab2ae9423158a03574e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u937d76025f115ab2ae9423158a03574e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u937d76025f115ab2ae9423158a03574e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u937d76025f115ab2ae9423158a03574e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u937d76025f115ab2ae9423158a03574e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u937d76025f115ab2ae9423158a03574e .u937d76025f115ab2ae9423158a03574e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u937d76025f115ab2ae9423158a03574e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Contributions of Andy Warhol EssayMost Of the orals population believes in a higher power and, ultimately, some kind of life after death. Here Lennox asks us to forget about our cares and things to come, by living for the day. Lennox also refers to people living life in peace. The only way to do this, he believes, is to eliminate countries and religion. Nationalism and contradicting faiths are two of the prime culprits for why people arent living in harmony. If we could get rid of organized regions of land and organized religion, there would be no need for peaceful cohabitation of different groups of people because there wouldnt be different types of people. Everyone would be one. Another obstacle holding us back from equality and reconciliation is possessions. If we are somehow able to cut out our possessions and our greed, we could create a universal sense of brotherhood in humankind. With this hindrance out to the way, we are able to share the world as equals. Lastly, Lennox preaches of the world living as one, This demonstrates his thoughts about how everyone let go of their insignificant thoughts and decided to live life for today, live life in peace, and imagine no possessions the world could live as one. This song is an example of what can be as people, and what we can actually accomplish if we try Because, the song Imagine appealed to Andy Warhol so greatly and affected him so significantly, it motivated him to produce the portrait of Lennox in homage. John Lennox and Andy Warhol were both very considerably notable in Pop culture and they both influenced millions of lives in extremely positive ways. Although some would say Whorls Portrait of Lennox was simple, most would not. Whorls message is exceptionally imperative in the harmony and equality Of the human race along with Lemons song Imagine.

Fathers And Sons Essay Example For Students

Fathers And Sons Essay Nihilism In Turgenovs Fathers and SonsTurgenovs Fathers and Sons has several characters who hold strong views of the world. Pavel believes that Russia needs structure from such things as institution, religion, and class hierarchy. Madame Odintsov views the world as simple so long as she keeps it systematic and free from interference. This essay will focus on perhaps the most interesting and complex character in Fathers and Sons: Bazarov. Vladimir Nabakov writes that Turgenov takes his creature B out of a self-imposed pattern and places him in the the normal world of chance. By examining Bazarov this essay will make this statement more clear to the reader. Using nihilism as a starting point we shall look at Bazarovs views and interpretations of science, government and institution. Next we will turn to the issue relationships. Finally we examine Bazarovs death and the stunning truths it reveals. These issues combined with the theme of nihilism will prove that chance, or fate is a strong force which cannot easily be negated. Nihilism as a concept is used throughout Fathers and Sons. To gain a better understanding of the ideas behind this term lets look at what Bazarov says on the subject. We base our conduct on what we recognize as useful the most useful thing wecan do is to repudiate and so we repudiate (123). The base concept of nihilism is to deny or negate, and as we learn later in the same paragraph, to negate everything. With this destruction of everything from science to art there is no building for nihilists, as Bazarov says That is not our affair (126). Nihilists view the current structure of society as concerned with suchtrivialties as art and parliamentism while ignoring real life issues such as food, freedom, and equally. Nihilists are aware of these social woes and hence mentally deny to recognize any of the present authority or institutions which only serve to perpetuate a myth. Bazarov agrees with the statement that nihilism confines oneself to abuse (126). I dont believe in anything: and what is science-science in the abstract? There are sciences as there are trades andprofessions, but abstract science just doesnt exist (98). For Bazarov anything that is not tangible and concrete doesnt exist. Psychology, quantum mechanics, neurochemistry would be scoffed at by Bazarov. It seems peculiar that Bazarov would say, nowadays we laugh at medicine in general, and worship no one, (197) while at the same time he pursues a career as adoctor. The medicine that Bazarov uses deals in the pure sciences, that is his ideas comes from practice not theory. By lookingcloser at Bazarov we discover that his work confirms his nihilistic ideas. To explain, one only need look at Bazarovs mainfocus; the dissection of frogs. Each time he pokes around the anatomy of a frog he notices they all have similar structures (heart, liver, intestines etc). Humans also share a common internal anatomy. Abstract concepts like authority, religion or science to not naturally exist within people and are only made real by others. Bazarov knows this and his studies confirm hisrebellious attitude. Bazarov says, All men are similar, in soul as well as in body and the so-called moral qualities are the same in all of u s (160). As with general science Bazarov feels nothing towards art. You assume that I have no feeling for art and it is true, I havent (159). Art is trivial to Bazarov and accomplishes nothing, therefore he doesnt recognize it. It is the same with nature, Bazarov was rather indifferent to the beauties of nature (169). There is a saying, Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. Whatif the beholder has no eye for beauty? Such is the case with Bazarov. The point for Bazarov is that aesthetics in art and nature only serve to divert attention from pressing issues such as corruption in society and structural change. These are what concerns a nihilists, not the latest prose from Pushkin or painting from Alexander. .u0c2e81715c1ce880b1a2b760662d44dd , .u0c2e81715c1ce880b1a2b760662d44dd .postImageUrl , .u0c2e81715c1ce880b1a2b760662d44dd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0c2e81715c1ce880b1a2b760662d44dd , .u0c2e81715c1ce880b1a2b760662d44dd:hover , .u0c2e81715c1ce880b1a2b760662d44dd:visited , .u0c2e81715c1ce880b1a2b760662d44dd:active { border:0!important; } .u0c2e81715c1ce880b1a2b760662d44dd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0c2e81715c1ce880b1a2b760662d44dd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0c2e81715c1ce880b1a2b760662d44dd:active , .u0c2e81715c1ce880b1a2b760662d44dd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0c2e81715c1ce880b1a2b760662d44dd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0c2e81715c1ce880b1a2b760662d44dd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0c2e81715c1ce880b1a2b760662d44dd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0c2e81715c1ce880b1a2b760662d44dd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0c2e81715c1ce880b1a2b760662d44dd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0c2e81715c1ce880b1a2b760662d44dd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0c2e81715c1ce880b1a2b760662d44dd .u0c2e81715c1ce880b1a2b760662d44dd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0c2e81715c1ce880b1a2b760662d44dd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Volcano Types EssayInstitutions such as education, government and established authority are scorned by Bazarov. Everyone ought to educate himself (105). Since indoctrination of the established society begins with education, a nihilist should view education from behind the

Have the Roles of Women Improved over the 20th Century in Britain free essay sample

A paper that argues that conditions for British women have improved greatly during the 20th Century. The author of the paper argues that the twentieth century has seen significant improvements for women in Britain. The issues and events mentioned in support of this are the Suffragette Movement, the two world wars, the decline of industry and the freedom given to women in all spheres of society. By the end of the twentieth century women can now go into virtually any job they want, they can serve in frontline armed forces, become doctors, scientists, editors, managers and politicians. In the year 2000, 1 in 5 women earn more than their working partner and on average women earn 75% of a male workers hourly wage. In some professions women still say there is a glass ceiling but in time, through the continuing change of peoples attitudes there will be an equal playing field. All this has been made possible because women now have choice, events and people throughout the century have made this possible, from Emmeline Pankhursts militant tactics to mass employment for women during two world wars. We will write a custom essay sample on Have the Roles of Women Improved over the 20th Century in Britain? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page .

Friends With Benefits Survey Report Example

Friends With Benefits Survey Report Example Friends With Benefits Survey Report – Book Report/Review Example Friends with Benefits Survey Report Background Many people believe that sexual promiscuity is increasing among the younger generations. It cannot be denied that younger people are exposed to more sexual content now than their parents were, but the real question is what effect this change has had on the average youngster’s lifestyle. However, the question of young people’s sexual habits is too vague for this particular study, so this area needs to be narrowed down. The study will focus on sexual habits in terms of friends with benefits. To put it more simply, the emphasis will be on young people’s sexual exploits with people who they consider to be friends and nothing more. The research question for this study will be as follows: How prevalent is the concept of friends with benefits among young people aged between 16 and 21? The hypothesis for this survey is that the practice is common among more than half of young people and males have more experience with it tha n females do. The survey will consist of 24 people, made up of 11 females and 13 males. The following questions will be asked as part of the survey:Survey Questions1. Have you ever had friends with benefits?2. If you have/haven’t had friends with benefits, have you ever had sex before?ResultsOf the 13 males that were surveyed for this report, 8 admitted that they had previously had friends with benefits. Expressed as a percentage, this means that 61.5 percent of male respondents were positive towards the first question. For the 11 females that were surveyed, 5 females said that they had previously had friends with benefits. Expressed as a percentage, this means that 45.5 percent of female respondents were positive towards the first question. For both genders, the second question received the same number of respondents as the first; all those who did have friends with benefits also admitted to experiencing sex before while all of those who gave a negative response for the firs t question also proclaimed to never having sex before.ConclusionThe results of the survey were largely predictable because all the data fitted with the hypothesis. It was discovered than males engaged in the practice of friends with benefits more often than females and also it was used by over half of the respondents. Our survey shows that the practice is more common than first thought, but there would need to be some comparable data available in order to prove that friends with benefits is becoming more popular. This could either be from a previous study, but most likely a future study would need to be conducted in a certain amount of time in order to gauge the reliability of the results.Graphs

Social Impact of Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social Impact of Business - Essay Example Translational corporations such as WTO and IMF try to establish international operations by locating industrialized plants or operations in different countries to help in cutting costs; it may also be possible to subcontract work. Globalization helps create international supply chains (IMF, 2001). It helps buy components, raw materials, or additional supplies from traders in different countries. Big Transnational Corporations identified by the UN as firms that manage resources abroad. There are around 79 thousand Transnational Corporations functions in the modern world economy. This allows them ten times the amount of affiliates such as subcontractors, suppliers, and various entities that have business connections with them. It is a fact that a few influential firms carry out most of international commerce. The first firm at the top of the list is the World Bank. Developed in 144, the World Bank offers loans of economic expansion to its member nations. They provide funds for use on p ower plants, roads, pipelines, dams and other communications projects. The World Bank also negotiates strategies of structural adjustment with countries it provides loans. It also gives the countries conditions, which some claim result to unfair load on developing countries (Aslam, 2001). Another firm is the International Monetary Fund (IMF), which is a sister firm to the World Bank established at a similar time. The purpose of IMF is to ease currency exchange for countries that are members so that they have the capability to be part of global trading. It provides access to member countries for foreign exchange. World Trade Organization WTO, established in 1995, is a global body that creates ground rules for international trade (IMF, 2001). Its main goal is to encourage free trade by eliminating any potential barriers to it such as duties, quotas and tariffs. The organization performs negotiations rounds on different topics. Social Impact of Business During the end of the 1990s, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, and the World Trade Organization (WTO) started a sequence of efforts focused on improving the policy consistency of their relevant organizations (Aslam, 2001). The policy coherence links to encouraging trade liberalization in southern countries. The World Bank and the IMF have long constituted trade liberalization along with their various policy prescriptions connected as loan stipulations in their agreement with borrowing members. At present, there is better coordination of these efforts with the membership needs of the diverse agreements in negotiation inside the WTO. On a summit in 2001, the World Bank declared that they have 60 billion dollars to give out as loans to Latin American countries over 5 years (Cali, Ellis, & Willem, 2008). The main objective for IMF and WTO was to improve their operational purposes towards more trade liberalization. The economy of the world is growing in its integration. There is exportation of more out put share throughout national borders. Almost half of all services and goods produced globally sell in different nations, instead of domestically. This percentage is higher than that of 1960, which was mostly the export of goods. A significant current trend is service globalization such as insurance, travel, information services, and financial. What drives globalization are factors such as technological

The Red Blood cells Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Red Blood cells - Lab Report Example of RBCs in one smallest square = 1036/5 = 207.2 No. of RBCs in 1mm3 undiluted = 207.2 x 10000 = 2072000 / mm3 The Red Blood cell count according to the improved hemocytometer is 2.07 x 106 mm3. According to this reading the person seems to be anemic which may be due to iron deficiency, folate deficiency, genetic disorders or immune dysfunction. The difference between two readings could be due to many reasons. The high value in the second test can be attributed to inadequate wiping of pipette, improper mixing or uneven distribution in counting chamber. The low value can be due to dilution of contents in pipette by saliva and use of non standard counting chamber and improper cover slip adjustment. Error calculation can result in both high and low values. Even if the second value is correct the women is still anemic. To confirm the findings of both tests a packed cell volume (PCV) or hematocrit test may be done which will give the correct percentage of erythrocyte volume in the blood. S ection B B1 i) According to the JNC 7 Report the BP reading of subject N which is reported to be 125/78 is classified as prehypertension stage since it is greater than the prescribed systole limit of ? 120. Subject K on the other hand will be classified as a patient of hypertension stage – I which has a systolic range of 140-159 and a diastolic range of 90-99. The reading of subject K reported to be 150/90 comes under this category. ii) Mean arterial pressure (MAP) can be estimated through the following formula MAP ? DP + 1/3 (SP – DP) Accordingly subject N has a MAP of 93.67 mmHg while subject K has a MAP of 110 mmHg iii) Auscultation : A phenomenon describing the use of stethoscope in order to listen the internal sounds of the body clearly. It requires considerable clinical experience and is an integral skill which is a part of the examination of three organ systems of the body namely cardiovascular (heart sounds), respiratory (breath sounds) and gastrointestinal (bo wel sounds) Korotkoff sounds : A sound heard during the measurement of blood pressure by a sphygmomanometer. The pressure differences created in the cuff results in turbulence of blood flow which leads to the audible sound known as first korotkoff sound. Korotkoff sounds can be classified into five types. First heard when the pressure in the cuff is equal to the systolic pressure, second and third can be described as murmurs and tapping sounds respectively. Fourth sound is heard at 10mm above diastolic pressure while the last korotkoff sound is heard at the precise diastolic pressure. Oscillometric principle : Another method of measuring blood pressure. It makes use of the same instrument but in addition uses a transducer which gives the oscillation readings of the blood flow. As the pressure in the cuff varies with simultaneous expansion and contraction of brachial artery an oscillation is produced. Hypertension : A medical phenomenon indicating an increased systemic blood pressure . Normal blood pressure is described as ? 120 systolic and ? 80 diastolic. Generally it is classified as primary and secondary hypertension with primary meaning with no apparent cause. Hypertension is a risk factor for many diseases and its control is necessary for a healthy long life. iv) S1 and S2 heart sounds are produced due to the closure of valves in the heart namely the atrioventricular valves and the semilunar valves. On the other hand korotkoff sounds are produced when the pressure in the cuff varies and creates turbulence for the blood flowing through the brachial artery. v) Though appearing to be quite similar heart rate denotes the number of times a heart contracts or a number of apical contractions of the heart which is measured directly with an auscultation on the chest. However the

Practicing Curiosity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Practicing Curiosity - Assignment Example In fact, he says that he successfully made his first public performance when he was only seven. This shows that he was always having the passion and desire to be a great musician (Eisen and Stanley 43). The other important thing which arouses my curiosity is Daniel’s musical style. As a pianist, he acknowledges his disapproval for the band wagon and instead, adopting and subscribing to his own school of thought. Instead of borrowing from his mentors, he opted to adopt his own peculiar style for playing his piano. He became so conventional and used to find his tempo from within his music particularly harmonic rhythm and harmony. by opting to act in such a manner, he was trying to prove to his colleagues of fans that music is a very dynamic field which does not necessarily need to be done in a similar manner. since each musician is free, they can choose their own style to adopt as they refine and make it better to appeal to their respective audience. Because of this, I would like to point out that I have really learnt a lot from this artist. Through his interview with Rose, I have known that music is a good and rewarding career if taken seriously. The interview has changed my attitude towards music. Unlike before, I now regard music as a very interesting and fulfilling career. However, for anyone to excel to the level of Daniel, they must have the required passion for it (Eisen and Stanley 27). Besides, they should be dedicated and committed to be novel and perfect in the playing of their various instruments. Lastly, it needs a high level of flexibility. Just like Daniel himself who participated in the orchestra, symphony and jazz, any artist should not be restricted to only one area. This is the only way through which they can build a reputation for

Atmosphere in Macbeth, by Shakespeare

Atmosphere in Macbeth, by Shakespeare The word atmosphere usually means the air around us. When using the word in the sense of a play it means a certain mood around a certain area at a certain time. Tension usually means emotional or mental stress. Act 2 Sc 2 is the climax of tension that has been built up all the way through Act 1. Act 1 is building up to the murder of Duncan and it is a sinister atmosphere because of the tension and atmosphere in the play as a whole. In Act 2 Scene 2 Macbeth has killed the king, Duncan. This decision comes after the witches come to him after the battle in Act 1 Sc 3 and give him the prophecy that he will be King. In the Elizabethan era people were rather superstitious and believed that witches and anything to do with the witches were bad news. So to be seeing them in real life or so they thought was really bad news. Because of the superstitions of the Elizabethan folk, this tends to be a rather evil sight in their eyes. He is further tempted to kill the King when his wife persuades him to do so. He does this with the help of his wife, who has drugged the Kings guards so as to put them to sleep. Going back to the scene, Macbeth kills the King and is very remorseful for what he has done and his power greedy wife tries to remove any thoughts of remorse from his mind. However, in his hastiness to leave the scene of murder, he forgets to smear blood onto the guards daggers but Macbeth didnt want to go back there so his wife goes and does the deed. Meanwhile, Macbeth is hearing sounds and we would think that he is going mad. This is the beginning of many sounds and visions that Macbeth will see and hear. At the beginning of Act 2 Sc 2 tension is created as Lady Macbeth is waiting and nervous, so she has taken a drink and that has given her confidence. She says: That which hath made them drunk hath made me bold. This creates tension because Lady Macbeth is tense and so the audience will also be tense. In this scene the tension is created by the exclamation of Lady Macbeth when she fears that all has gone wrong. This is when she says: Alack! I am afraid they have waked, and tis not done: thattempt and not the deed ¦ This scene creates a sense of tension and suspense because it creates a feeling as to what the consequences of this failed plan will be if not carried out properly. We get to know all the emotions at this point of the character in the scene, Lady Macbeth. The atmosphere is also created by the natural sounds of animals in the night. Lady Macbeth says: I heard the owl scream, and the crickets cry ¦ This creates the sort of atmosphere of suspense as if something is about to happen. She is awaiting the arrival of Macbeth, so obviously shes listening extra hard to try to hear anything going on in Duncans room. The audience would know that this event took place at night, under the cover of darkness. We know this because Lady Macbeth says that she hears the owl scream, and owls only come out at night as they are nocturnal. In this scene, the atmosphere is also created by the silence of the night. We can deduce this from the way Lady Macbeth refers to the way she did not hear a sound when asked by Macbeth, except:  ¦the owl scream, and the crickets cry. The silence leaves the audience in a state of suspense as to what is going to happen next and eagerly awaiting the next course of action the actors will produce on stage. In this scene the tension is created when Macbeth has brought the daggers back with him when he should have left them with the servants. .Lady Macbeth says: Why did you bring these daggers from the place? This creates tension because if Macbeth is seen with the daggers he will be accused straight away of murder. This creates a cliff hanger as it is a race against time to get the daggers away and them back into safety. The tension in the scene is created when Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are having a fast paced conversation. This is said in the conversation: Didst thou not hear a noise? Did you not speak? When? As I descended?. This causes tension because shes trying to establish what happened, however she does this quickly, which shows that there is no time to waste. In this scene, tension is also created when Macbeth starts to hear sounds. We can deduce this from the text when Macbeth says: Methought I heard a voice cry Sleep no more! Macbeth does murder sleep; innocent sleep ¦ This creates tension because people in the Elizabethan era were rather superstitious and would start to think that either the demons have come to get Macbeth, or he has gone mad. Also, the religious people from the Elizabethan era would interpret that Macbeth has murdered eternal sleep. Some people would interpret sleep as rest and when people are resting they are at their most innocent and vulnerable, they have no control over what they say, do or dream. Therefore they would interpret it like Macbeth has murdered innocence and some would interpret it that Macbeth has lost control. In the scene the atmosphere is also created when Lady Macbeth tries to remove any thoughts of remorse from the mind of Macbeth. We can deduce this from when Macbeth says: Macbeth: This is a sorry sight. Lady Macbeth: A foolish thought, to say a sorry sight. We see that Lady Macbeth takes control when she treats Macbeth like a child and puts him in his place. We see that Lady Macbeth has turned from a normal woman, to something cold hearted and cruel. She is turning away from any kind of emotion and creating a cold feeling into the hearts of the Elizabethan audience. In Elizabethan times a woman was considered to be lower than a man in the world order at the time. However, as we see in the play, that Shakespeare has changed the order as Lady Macbeth asks to the demons to be unsexed. We see that, even though that the worlds order at the time put women below men, Lady Macbeth is the one who takes the pivotal role that Macbeth should be taking. Also, tension is created by the way that Macbeth has been so strong and noble, yet after killing the king his bravery and chivalry seems to desert him. We see this in the sentence: Why, worthy thane, you do unbend your noble strength, to think so brainsickly of things This is one of those things that the Elizabethan era could speculate about. Some superstitious people would say that Macbeth has been punished by the gods/demons/angels. Less superstitious people would say that the drain of having to kill someone who you have paid oath of fealty to and thinking about the consequences would drain your bravery out of you. This is one place where Shakespeare has let the audience do the thinking. Finally, tension is also created in the scene when the knocking starts. Whence is that knocking? This creates tension because people in the audience were not expecting it. In conclusion, there are many ways that this scene creates atmosphere and tension and I have only mentioned a few. Shakespeare has created the character of Macbeth in such a way that you dont know whether to be sorry for him or to accuse him. Shakespeare has created the character of Lady Macbeth as a normal woman at first, and then becomes a cruel cold blooded character later on. The Elizabethan audience can decide for themselves if Macbeth is guilty or was persuaded by the witches and his wife Lady Macbeth.

Essay --

The sun was beaming on a hot afternoon in July of 2017. We were almost to the finish line. It was hard to believe we had started the race about 10 hours earlier. by pedaling until our legs felt like they were about to fall off, by drinking water like we had been in the desert for weeks, and by believing that we could make it to the end, Alex and I made it, to my Ithaca, Portland Oregon. My odyssey was a tough one, not only the 200 mile race, but also the decisions we had to make on our way up the the race. My family and I had just spent the week in Portland, and we were headed home. When out of nowhere I saw a big group of cyclers going down the opposite side of the freeway, â€Å"What are they doing?† I asked my older brother. â€Å"Is that Seattle to Portland?† he asked my dad, and my dad said â€Å"yes†. I found the very interesting so I just had to tell my best friend Alex, who is equal to Hermes from the odyssey, his encouragement being my molu flower. He said he had heard about it before, after talking about this for countless minutes, but we set a goal to participate in the race before we went off to college in 2017. After a few days we realized that we wouldn’t stand a chance at finishing that race without practicing. We decided starting in the spring of seventh grade, every time one of us would go to the others house, we would bike there. Eventually we noticed that even that wouldn’t cut it. We assured ourselves that every week we would bike somewhere, and then the next week we would bike a little further, and further. Until we thought we had reached our preferred distance. We started off by biking to 7/eleven which is about one or two miles away, we struggled at first, but after biking there a few times we got the hang of it. B... ...ints knowing that we had the resources to make it for a while without a major break. we passed an abundance of the other bikers, but After mille 100 I was getting really exhausted, and every chance I got I would try to convince Alex to take a break, but I knew that if we took too many I would lose faith of getting to the finish line in Portland my Ithaca, which was only 100 miles away, but a simple thing could stop me from getting there. Alex and I were only about a minute away from the finish line, we heard the cheering of the people waiting at the finish line, then it happened, both of us crossed the finish line, beating the other contestants like Odysseus beat the Suitors. We had completed our journey, where we drank all our water, where we battled the thought of giving up, and where we witnessed amazing scenery, and we had just made it to Portland, my Ithaca.

The entrenchment of abortion in different countries

Legalizing or not legalizing abortion is one of the most controversial subjects in the world. Arguments for and against abortion have taken religious, political and moral perspectives with the proponents and opponents giving substantive claims to support their arguments.The entrenchment of abortion in different countries’ constitution has raised resistance from the conservatives who claims that the laws are contradicting when they impose death penalty on individual convicted of murder while legalizing abortion is itself legalizes murder of unborn. Despite the ensuing arguments over the subject, it is clear that abortion is practices in every corner of the world regardless of whether it is legal or illegal.My thesis is that abortion should be legalized since illegalizing does not deter people from aborting and it deteriorates and risks life of women. Abortion can be defined as a premature expulsion of a human fetus, whether in naturally like in case of a miscarriage or artifici ally induced through the use of surgical or chemical equipment.However the controversy around the subject surrounds about 93% of the abortion cases which are carried out for elective, based on no medical reason.Abortion should be legalized in cases case where a woman has undergone a painful ordeal like rape or incest which may affect the whole of their live and bearing such a child will rekindle painful memories of the ordeal.With rising population of homeless people and street children and families, abortion should be legalized so that those who feel that they cannot raise their children are not compelled to give birth to children who they cannot support and will leave them to wander on the street. Even in countries where abortion has not been legalized, there are rising cases of backstreet abortion where many women lose their life.These and other facts support the reasons why abortion should be legalized. I once again restate that abortion should be legalized since illegalizing do es not deter people from aborting and it deteriorates and risks life of women.Why abortion should be legalizedMy first argument is that abortion should be legalized in case where a woman conceive after undergoing a painful ordeal like rape, incest, and other sex related ordeals. Such an ordeal is likely to haunt a woman for the rest of her life.Research has revealed that one out of every six case of rape or incest usually results to pregnancy. Apart from the danger of the mother contracting venereal disease which may affect fetal formation, women who give birth to children conceived in such circumstances are likely to suffer repeated emotionally every time they see that child since they remember the ordeal.Research reveals that more than 50% of pregnancies resulting from such cases are usually aborted all over the world where abortion is legalized or illegalized (Johnson, 2008). Most women turn to backstreet abortion while many are not likely to report pregnancy resulting from rapes and incest fearing stigma. Therefore, they end up undergoing crude methods of abortion where not one risking their health.   In order to save women from such ordeals, I feel that abortion should be legalized.My second argument supporting abortion is that there are many women who conceive when they have no means of bringing up the child.   Many women will enter into a relationship and when they conceive, their partners depart them.Some have no jobs or any economic means and they end up bearing children who are left to wander in the streets.   With the declining welfare supports, abortion should be legalized in order to save women from undergoing such ordeals which are likely to affect their life and that of their children.Research shows that more than 21% of the cases if abortions are related to women who are not ready for responsibilities while 11% are related to young pregnancies mostly to teenagers who cannot take responsibility for the children they bear (Johnson, 2008).Wo men should have the choice to decide carrying to full term pregnancies which they are prepared to handle and bring up the child in a good environment. I feel that abortion should be legalized in order to give women a chance to make choices of giving birth to children who they can take care.My third argument supporting abortion is that even in countries where abortion has been illegalized, people have not been deterred from performing abortion. In contrast to countries which are legalized where women seek abortion in hospitals, there are more people who are seeking abortion in backstreet clinics through crude methods risking their health. A study by Henshaw et al.(1999) showed there were more than 26 legal and 20 illegal abortions worldwide in 1999, concluding that stringent measures against legal abortion did not guaranteed low rate of abortion.Another study by Sedgh et al. (2007) concluded that the rate of abortion in countries where it is legalized has been decreasing with time. L egalized abortion help women to access safe abortion which is not detrimental to their health while illegalizing abortion expose women to health hazards. Therefore abortion should be legalized to help women access safe abortion.ConclusionAbortion remains a controversial subject in the world. My thesis is that abortion should be legalized since illegalizing abortion does not deter people from aborting and it exposes women to health risks. Abortion should be legalized for women who undergo painful ordeals like rape and incest which are likely to haunt them throughout their life.

contract essays

contract essays Exclusion and Exemption Clauses. 166-170, 278, 281, 288, 355-356 An exclusion clauses is a term of the contract which limits or excludes a liability from one party which would otherwise be subjected to. The function of an exclusion clause is to limit or exclude liability for breach of an express or implied term or even negligence in a contract. The court approach to interpreting such a clause is to interpret them narrowly. With an unsigned documents, an exclusion clause will be binding only if the clause was brought to the notice of the customer. This notice must be reasonable notice and is determined objectively by the courts. The document containing the exclusion clause must be of a contractual nature before the courts will hold the exclusion clause to be binding. To determine whether a clause is a contractual document, the court employ the reasonable person test and ask: Would a reasonable person expect such a document to contain an exclusion clause or would it merely represent a receipt or voucher? If notice of the exclusion clause is not given until after the contract has been completed, the exclusion clause will not be binding. If the customer has had previous dealings with the defendant, the court will more readily infer knowledge of the exclusion clause. If the customer through his previous dealings knows about the clause then he will be bound by it. Henry Kendall If the effect or scope of exclusion clause has been misrepresented to the customers, the exclusion clause is not bindin ...

Fix a flat essays

Fix a flat essays Most people who drive cars experience a flat tire at least a few times throughout their lives, I have twice already. What makes it difficult is a lot of these people have no idea how to change a flat tire, so they call for assistance or for a tow truck. The first time somebody attempts to fix a flat tire it may seem daunting, but it is not difficult at all. Almost any driver can do it in less than fifteen minutes, which can be faster than it takes for a tow truck to show up. The first step when somebody gets a flat tire on the road is their safety. They should turn on the flashers to warn other motorists and then slowly and safely pull off of the road. The car should be parked away from traffic but someplace where it is still visible. Soft shoulders and inclines should be avoided. Next, put the transmission in park or in gear and apply the handbrake so that the car will not roll. To indicate to other drivers that you are in mechanical distress, open the hood of the car, place a warning triangle on the road, or set a few flares on the road if it is dark out. The spare tire can usually be found in the trunk of the car, along with a leverage pipe, jack, and a lug-nut wrench. Some vehicles might have the spare tire underneath the car and can be lowered usually from inside the trunk. A flashlight should be used if it is dark out. The leverage pipe is just a hollow pipe that can be used to help loosen a lug-nut that was previously tightened with an air ratchet. The rest of the wheels that are not flat should be chocked with a large rock or a log to help prevent the car from rolling. If the flat tire has a hubcap on it, it should be removed with a screwdriver to allow access to the lug-nuts. A lot of the newer types of cars have hubcaps that do not require a person to remove them for access to the lug-nuts. The lug-nut wrench should now be used to loosen the lug nuts on the flat tire, but do not totally remove them. This is...

Gender Definitions, Racism and Class Theories Essay

Gender Definitions, Racism and Class Theories - Essay Example The essay "Gender Definitions, Racism and Class Theories" talks about the theories by Judith Butler and Bell Hooks which are both challenging popular feminist notions about gender definitions, racism, and class within the folds of feminist ideology. Both types of theories challenge the preset notions of a woman.According to Bell Hooks the "feminist movement", a chiefly white middle and upper-class affair, did not articulate the desires of poor and nonwhite women, thus strengthening sexism, racism, and classism. She hints this is the reason such low numbers of black women participated in the feminist movement in the 1970s (Louis Harris' Virginia Slims poll done in 1972 for Phillip Morris). The call for unity and camaraderie pre-arranged around notions that women constitute a sex class/caste with universal experiences and universal oppression made feminism a structurally unsound theory. Women of color, for the most part, black females, some of whom had been mixed up in the movement fro m its inception, some jointly occupied with women's liberation and black power struggle, called awareness to differences that could not be reconciled by over-romantic evocations of sisterhood. The face of feminism was changed. Bell Hooks states that the correlation of sexism and racism during slavery added to black women having the lowest status and worst circumstances of any group in American society. Hooks points out to the fact that white female reformers were more concerned with white morality than the conditions of black women.

Innovation, Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Innovation, Technology - Essay Example The objective of this paper is to determine whether technology significantly impacts the core strategies and organization of companies to the extent that it should be considered as the primary means of initiating innovation or development. For the purpose of this study, The validity of the statement will consider in both public as well private enterprises from small to large scale. In the course of the discussion, the research will also determine effective applications of technology, how it is changing markets and industries and the developing challenges for companies with its utilization. The application of technology necessitates a study of the relationship of productivity and technology. The debate on whether productivity paradoxes really do exist has become an issue for analysts and managers once more with the shift towards digitization. Consider the implications of the productivity paradox or the Solow computer paradox that Robert Solow theorized in response to the mechanization of clerical work. According to Solow that, "You can see the computer age everywhere but in the productivity statistics," (Greenan et al, 2002, p. 42). The productivity paradox implies that as technology is introduced to a system, in particular information technology, work productivity decreases (McGovern, 2001). If the paradox is to be accepted as true, then technology contravenes productive strategies. However, Dusharme (2001) points out that these impacts are part of the process of adaptation, similar to competency development learning curves. Furthermore, Suter (2007) points out that many companies have considered alternatives to techno-based strategies because of the cost of implementation as well as discrepancies in information literacy in international markets. In Tubbs and Schulz (2006) study, he concluded that lags in productivity in technology-related initiatives can be attributed to the lack of channels where the technology can be learned or used. Explanations for the decline in productivity pointed out the need for technology to be prevalent before it impacts productivity significantly. Thus, later adaptation to technology creates less vulnerability to productivity paradoxes: the implication is that later access to emerging technologies, with the assumption that there has bee growth in software and applications available, is a more viable choice to ensure productivity. Technology and Business Operations According to there should be a realization that the technology is a tool and the degree of its impact is dependent on other strategies (Womack et al, 1991). The bulk of technology adaptations and strategies have focused on information and communications technologies. Among the benefits that have been seen is the increase in communication and networking capacity technology provides (Insinga & Werle, 2000). For example, the utilization of VOIP (voice over internet protocol) operations has become critical in the management or trafficking PSTN calls locally and internationally as well as mobile communications; IP Multimedia Subsystems (IMS) are providing platforms for the incorporation of internet technologies with business operations; as well facilitated the actual interface of VOIP infrastructure with PSTN; and the rise of network societies, referring to online communities and feedback systems,

American Judicial Structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American Judicial Structure - Essay Example Finally, the federal courts are also limited by hierarchal considerations. There are trial courts, designated Federal District Courts, intermediate courts of appeal, and the United States Supreme Court. As one moves up the hierarchy, the federal courts have increasing discretion to hear or to reject cases and controversies. To be sure, the United States Supreme Court actually accepts very few of the cases submitted to it for resolution. The findings and holdings of the courts lower in the hierarchy thus become final and binding. In sum, although the federal courts are empowered to hear and to decide many types of cases there are very real limitations. These limitations, or gaps, are in large part filled by the separate state court systems. 1.2 State Courts State courts are vested with the responsibility of deciding conflicts and controversies under a state's constitution and other laws. There are similarities with the federal system to the extant that state courts are also limited by geographical, subject matter, and hierarchal considerations. The trial courts tend to be divided into courts of limited jurisdiction and general jurisdiction. Local governments tend to create and administer the trial courts of limited jurisdiction whereas states control and administer the trial courts of general jurisdiction. The limited jurisdiction courts are extraordinarily numerous, more than 13,500 in the United States (Neubauer, 2005: 82), and are excluded from the scope of this essay. From the strict point of view of the state, courts are divided into trial courts, appellate courts, and a supreme court. The laws may differ significantly from federal laws to the extant that states may set higher safeguards than those established in the Constitution.. . State courts are vested with the responsibility of deciding conflicts and controversies under a state’s constitution and other laws. There are similarities with the federal system to the extent that state courts are also limited by geographical, subject matter, and hierarchal considerations. The trial courts tend to be divided into courts of limited jurisdiction and general jurisdiction. Local governments tend to create and administer the trial courts of limited jurisdiction whereas states control and administer the trial courts of general jurisdiction. The limited jurisdiction courts are extraordinarily numerous, more than 13,500 in the US, and are excluded from the scope of this essay. From the strict point of view of the state, courts are divided into trial courts, appellate courts, and a supreme court. The laws may differ significantly from federal laws to the extent that states may set higher safeguards than those established in the Constitution or in federal laws. In add ition, federal legislators are empowered to pass federal laws which, in effect, preempt contradictory state laws. This preemption, though sometimes controversial, functions to preserve harmony in the administration of the separate judicial systems. There is, nonetheless, the existence of conflict and it becomes extremely important to draw bright lines separating the two judicial systems. Otherwise, the potential for conflict and court shopping would become a big problem. For the most part, the judicial systems have been kept separate.

The importance of early formal education Essay Example for Free

The importance of early formal education Essay Abstract: Informed by, and primarily rooted in research, developmentally appropriate practice is central to optimizing children’s learning and development in early childhood educational settings CITATION Nat09 \l 1033 (NAEYC, 2009). The use of developmentally appropriate practice (DAP) involves teaching in a way that understands development in the classroom individually, and as a whole CITATION Liz13 \l 1033 (Taylor, 2013). When considering the role of the early childhood educator, the creation of adaptive and accommodating teaching methods is crucial to building a supportive and dynamic environment for learning. In building such an environment, educators may use the guiding framework of DAP to ensure that their classroom not only reinforces an advantageous atmosphere that is developmentally appropriate at every level, but also actively encourages continuous positive growth for everyone in the learning community. This position statement reaffirms the benefits of DAP in an early childhood setting by examining its guidelines, the needs and characteristics of young children, the many factors influencing a child’s learning and development, creating an environment that meets these needs, family and community involvement,  and understanding the benefits and uses of assessment. Developmentally Appropriate Practice In order to highlight its benefit as an infrastructure to early childhood education, one must first understand developmentally appropriate practice itself. Key to understanding DAP is the understanding that it is informed by our knowledge of development through theory, literature, and research, confirming that it is an evidence based practice CITATION Nat09 \p 10 \l 1033 (NAEYC, 2009, p. 10). The essence of DAP, however, relies on conscious and constant intentionality, â€Å"in the  knowledge that practitioners consider when they are making decisions, and in their always aiming for goals that are both challenging and achievable for children† (9). This wealth of knowledge required of early childhood educators includes extensive understanding of development, but is shaped by one’s knowledge of each child as an individual, their needs and abilities, and the social and cultural contexts from which they come (9,10). This careful intention and forging of relationships fosters an overall enthusiasm for learning by creating an environment for each individual child in  which they are uniquely known, understood, and respected. The National Association for the Education of Young Children’s publication of their position statement in the mid 1980’s was highly influential in the widespread recognition of DAP CITATION Sue10 \p 70 \l 1033 (Bredekamp, 2010, p. 70). DAP is defined as a practice that promotes the optimal learning and development of young children, of which is grounded in research regarding both child development as well as what is required of effective education in early childhood settings (16). In the interest of this definition, developmentally appropriate practice outlines five significant  guidelines for addressing the decisions made by early childhood educators: creating a community of learners, teaching to enhance development and learning, planning curriculum to achieve important goals, assessing children’s development and learning, and establishing reciprocal relationships with families CITATION Nat09 \l 1033 (NAEYC, 2009). Criticism, however, has emerged in response to NAEYC’s position statements over the years, questioning whether the recommended practices retain equal relevance when applied to diverse groups of students CITATION Sue10 \p 71 \l 1033 (Bredekamp, 2010, p.71). In actuality, the significance of this statement is countered in the very definition of this statement, and is even directly addressed in the most recent publication of NAEYC’s position statement on DAP. â€Å"Because the United States children’s learning opportunities often differ sharply with family income 1 / 4 and education, ethnicity, and language background, sizable achievement gaps exist [and have been identified] between demographic groups† CITATION NAE09 \l 1033 (NAEYC, 2009). For this reason, a strong need for the narrowing of these gaps has been clearly emphasized, explaining that  educators and programs must therefore â€Å"provide even more extended, enriched, and intensive learning experiences† for children who’s learning opportunities have been disadvantaged by such disparities CITATION NAE09 \l 1033 (NAEYC, 2009). Characteristics and Needs of Children In order to enable children to reach challenging and achievable goals, understanding that all domains of a child’s development are interrelated is imperative. In this, children do not divide their experiences, but contrarily their learning and development evolves as one great culmination of all experience CITATION Liz13 \l 1033 (Taylor, 2013). Not only are all areas of development and learning important; similarly, they are the result of the interaction between the sequential and varying maturation of the child and their growing experience CITATION Nat09 \l 1033 (NAEYC, 2009). The inseparable nature of all developmental domains: physical, social, emotional, and cognitive, illustrate the relative needs of each child at the different stages of their development. Every child is different, and while development may be predicted in a sequential progression, it does vary and cannot be completely limited to what we consider more exact periods of development. The generally accepted periods of development, however, refer to infancy extending from birth- 2years, early childhood as 2-5 years, and middle and late childhood as 5-11 years of age. Cephalocaudal pattern of growth characterizes physical development in infancy, where growth occurs from the head down, resulting in control of the head before the legs CITATION Joh11 \p 107 \l 1033 (Santrock, 2011, p. 107). Motor development then originates from the center of the body and moves outward, where coordination of the trunk and arms precede the hands and fingers CITATION Mot10 \l 1033 (Flinders University, 2010). Beginning as gross and graduating to fine motor development, reach and grasp are achieved in infancy. Crawling and walking also occur during infancy, typically between 5-17 months CITATION Mot10 \l 1033 (Flinders University, 2010). Motor abilities develop rapidly in early childhood in which walking leads to running and jumping, the ability to climb develops, and hand-eye coordination progresses with the growing ability to cross midline CITATION Joh11 \l 1033 (Santrock, 2011). By mid to late childhood myelination of the nervous system results in manipulation skills relative to that of an adults (153). Cognitive development can be simplified into three stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, and concrete operational. Infants in the sensorimotor stage coordinate an understanding of the world through sensory experiences, eventually leading to the beginnings of symbolic thought (174). During the preoperational stage, children’s ability to think symbolically expands as they begin to use words and images to represent their interpretation of the world (180). Their interpretation, however, is strongly influenced by egocentrism and centration (174). By mid to late childhood, the concrete operational stage emerges. From 6-7 years and on children exhibit the ability to perform concrete operations in their capacity to logically reason regarding concrete events, and use classification and seriation to organize objects (174). The maturation of self-understanding explains the complexities of social and emotional development in children. â€Å"Children are not just given a self by their parents or culture; rather, they construct themselves†(324). As they grow, their cognitive representation of the self, or self-understanding, changes (324). Self-recognition is the key indicator of self-understanding in infancy, and initially appears around three months of age (324). The ability to establish a positive recognition of oneself sets the stage for establishing relationships with others, as well as the eventual positive regulation and understanding of emotions. In conjunction with verbal communication, children are able to descriptively distinguish themselves, typically using abilities or accomplishments, active and physical descriptions, or unrealistic overestimations to define themselves (326-7). For example, a 4-year-old may describe himself or herself by saying â€Å"I know how to count† or â€Å"I have blonde hair and he has  brown hair† (325). Social comparison and self-description grow in complexity in mid to late 2 / 4 childhood, and include more realistic identifications of the self. With increased aptitude for perspective, children compare themselves with others, and use social and psychological traits to refer to themselves. For instance, a 7-year-old may say, â€Å"I am smart, and I can ride a bike as good as my sister† (326). Creating Learning Environments Providing an environment that is rich and diverse in intellectual and sensory experiences supports an effective and developmentally appropriate curriculum. The careful and informed intention of teachers is also reflected in learning environments that meet and challenge the needs of each individual child as well as the classroom as a whole. Infants and toddlers require a stimulating and dynamic sensory environment as they begin to establish themselves through the physical exploration of the world around them. As infants and toddlers begin to crawl, they need easily accessible opportunities to manipulate and observe their environment. Placing mirrors at ground level, and providing reachable and interesting toys and pictures, encourage development. The establishment of trust and autonomy is also central to infantile development; therefore, building responsive relationships between child and teacher should be emphasized as well as providing a safe and natural environment in support of the child CITATION Tri09 \l 1033 (Trister amp; Bickart, 2009). Interactively reading to infants and toddlers is vital to establishing a relationship with language and begins a visual familiarity with script CITATION Liz13 \l 1033 (Taylor, 2013). Centering on initiative, 3 to 5-year-olds need an interactive environment that offers them many  choices, and allows them to grow in their decision-making abilities CITATION Tri09 \l 1033 (Trister amp; Bickart, 2009). Language skills during these years expand enormously, as do fine and gross motor abilities; meaning, the â€Å"richer and more interesting the environment, the more opportunities there are for children to learn† (1). The learning environment should reflect the very physically and socially active nature of 3 to 5-year-olds and should allow for spacious areas for high-level group play, as well as individual playtime. It is especially important to recognize that â€Å"the physical  environment is the vehicle through which children learn† and therefore should be changed periodically to inspire new experiences (1). During the years of mid to late childhood, autonomy becomes a source of power for children as they demonstrate self-direction and pride in accomplishment (1). The creation of stations, corners, or individual learning environments within the classroom provide space for this feeling of independence. Establishing friendships is very important to 6 to 8-year-olds, meaning that the environment should also include opportunities for high-level small group play. Across the  developmental board, however, a child needs to be able to see themselves in their environment as well as in their learning experiences. Interests of all children should be catered to by the learning environment as well as challenged by it. Displaying pictures of students, their work or accomplishments, and what intrigues them promotes positive development of the self, and creates enthusiasm for learning. Assessment Dynamic, constant, and ongoing assessment is key in early childhood education, and should barely look or behave like assessment at all CITATION Liz13 \l 1033 (Taylor, 2013). The power of  observation and assessment lies in their ability to tap into some of the purest and uninhibited forms of interaction children exhibit. â€Å"Play is the expression of who a child is in every way†, and therefore should be closely and individually observed in order to better understand exactly where children are developing, their strengths, what challenges them, and their unique interests CITATION Liz13 \l 1033 (Taylor, 2013). Educators must asses major childhood growth and developmental domains, expected outcomes, and unique patterns of development in order to provide scaffolding experiences  that value each individual child as well as the learning community CITATION Liz13 \l 1033 (Taylor, 2013). Maintaining portfolios for each child in a class tracks progress, as well as paints a better picture of development and learning for that child. Portfolios should be reviewed with the child and their families, contain notes and observations regarding the child in all domains, and should hold 3 / 4 examples of accomplishments made by the child reflected over time. Influences on Learning It is nearly impossible to identify every aspect of influence on a child’s learning. Among the  multitude of ways learning is influenced, the role of the teacher is paramount, along with the impact of peers, family, and culture. Parents are extremely powerful in their influence on their child’s sentiment towards learning and being a part of a community of learners. Encouragement and support from parents communicates the importance of their development, as well as fosters desire to learn and be a part of their greater community. Parents can demonstrate a loving care for their children’s continued achievement by doing something as simple as reading to them every night. By  making this simple commitment to their child, parents promote a positive attitude towards this sort of intellectual engagement, as well as strengthen a caring relationship with their child. Not only is learning made important by this, but so too is the importance of investing quality time together reinforced. Involving Families and the Community Families, culture, and communities that children come from directly impact their value and understanding of how one behaves, demonstrates respect, and appreciates CITATION Liz13 \l 1033 (Taylor, 2013). Building reciprocal partnerships with parents and families establishes â€Å"mutual  respect, cooperation, shared responsibility† necessary in moving toward the achievement of shared goals CITATION Nat09 \p 23 \l 1033 (NAEYC, 2009, p. 23). Meeting the family where they are and where they come from, relationships are established through ongoing trust and commitment to one another. Families should be invited into the classroom community, supported, and encouraged in their involvement. Keeping families informed via newsletters, inviting them into the classroom, providing conferences, and even making home visits are all ways in which a caring community of learners is built CITATION Liz13 \l 1033 (Taylor, 2013). Conclusion The benefits of using developmentally appropriate practice in early childhood education are exemplified in its specific intention to meet and challenge the developmental needs of each individual child, as well as the entire class. By discussing the characteristics and needs of children, their progressive development across all domains, the ways in which their learning environment reflects and meets those needs, the importance and benefits of assessment, influences on learning, and the importance of family and community involvement, one can see how DAP holistically  approaches early childhood education. Works Cited BIBLIOGRAPHY Bredekamp, S. (2010). Effective Practices in Early Childhood Education: Building a Foundation . Online . Flinders University. (2010, Feb 6). Motor Development. Retrieved from ehlt. flinders. edu. au: http://ehlt. flinders. edu. au/education/DLiT/2000/Motor%20Dev/start. htm NAEYC. (2009). Developmentally Appropriate Practice in Early Childhood Programs Serving Children from Birth through Age 8. (C. Copple, amp; S. Bredekamp, Eds. ) Retrieved from National Association for the Education of Young Children: www. naeyc. org NAEYC. (2009). Key Messages of the Position Statement. (C. Copple, amp; S. Bredekamp, Eds. ) Retrieved from National Association for the Education of Young Children: www. naeyc. org Santrock, J. (2011). Child Development (13th ed. ). New York : McGraw-Hill . Taylor, L. (2013, November ). Developmentally Appropriate Practice . (E. 3. Lecture, Interviewer) Trister, D. , amp; Bickart, T. (2009). How Curriculum Frameworks Respond to Developmental Stages: Birth through Age 8. Retrieved December 2013, from ECAP Collaborative : http://ecap. crc. illinois. edu/pubs/katzsym/dodge. html POWERED BY TCPDF (WWW. TCPDF. ORG).

The Tempest and Antigone Essay -- Comparative, Shakespeare, Sophocles

In William Shakespeare’s The Tempest and in Sophocles’ Antigone, both authors explore and illustrate the differences between â€Å"human law† and â€Å"higher law†. The two authors have different opinions about those laws. In The Tempest, Prospero uses his magic to manipulate various characters, and he often uses his magic to follow the plot of the story by his own way. Prospero uses his magic for total control over the people on the island where he lives. In Antigone, Creon, the King of Thebes, uses his title to manipulate others that kills Haemon and Antigone. Though the ending is more tragic in Creon’s control than in Prospero’s, by the end of Creon’s manipulation, the Greek Gods destroys Thebes. Regardless of the differences between the plays, both have different views of â€Å"human law† and â€Å"higher law†. Through the character and the setting development of the story in both plays, it is obvious that Shakespeare favors â€Å"human law† and Sophocles favors â€Å"higher law†. In Shakespeare’s The Tempest, the focus throughout the story is on the â€Å"human law† as Prospero is seen as a manipulator. Near the beginning of the play, Prospero enslaves Caliban, and he obeys Prospero all the time when Prospero orders him to do so. After Prospero gives instructions what to do, Caliban says in an aside that, â€Å"[He] must obey. [Prospero’s] art is of such power/ It would control [his] dam’s god, Setebos, / And make a vassal of [Setebos]† (Shakespeare I.ii.448-450). When Prospero threatens Caliban that he, â€Å"would control [Caliban’s] dam’s god, Setebos† (Shakespeare I.ii.449), making Prospero more powerful than the gods. Prospero’s actions prove that he is the top of the Great Chain of Being. Thus, Shakespeare use of indirect characterization demonstrates to the au... ... In Shakespeare’s The Tempest and in Sophocles Antigone, the text compares itself whether if the belief is toward â€Å"human law† or â€Å"higher law†. Prospero, in The Tempest, is a person who did control others and proves the point that no gods rule. However, Creon, in Antigone, also did control others yet, in that time, the Gods did rule and they did make the lives in Thebes destructive when one breaks their laws. Comparing the two plays, the authors did write in two different periods with different beliefs. The ancient belief is the setting where the â€Å"higher law† is in effect when Antigone is in place. Moreover, in colonialism, there is a different belief, which the â€Å"human law† is in order when The Tempest is in place. Whereabouts, the authors seem to favor different laws depending either of how the authors make their stories or in what kind of setting is taken place.

Animal Imagery in King Lear Essay

Animal Imagery in King Lear A common misconception during the Elizabethan Era is that humans are superior to animals. Fudge shows this by stating: â€Å"where there is a fear of the collapse of difference, there is also an urgent need to reiterate human superiority† (Fudge 2). Throughout King Lear, Shakespeare challenges this boundary that has been desperately enforced by humans for so many years. The strict distinction between humans and animals is trivialized as Shakespeare continuously alludes to the relationships between his characters, animals, and other species. With this being said, the audience is able to see how the play King Lear, exposes a number of Shakespeare’s interesting literary choices. One that is used frequently within the play is animal imagery, where the characteristics of specific individuals relate to the qualities associated with a particular animal. Through the use of a dragon, serpent, and bird, Shakespeare utilizes animal imagery to relate common understandings and representations of animals to highlight both the characters’ true qualities and their relevance through a feminist lens. The juxtaposition of human and animal in King Lear is effective in establishing the idea that humans and animals are not as dissimilar as many believe, and in fact possess many of the same underlying qualities. The image of a dragon is used by Shakespeare to portray King Lear’s emotions. Although dragons are traditionally mythological creatures, their possessive qualities and explosive personality are traits that humans also possess. For example, Lear refers to himself as a dragon when he states, â€Å"come not between the dragon and his wrath† (1. . 126). At this point in the play, it is evident that Lear possesses qualities of a dragon as he is very easily enraged, and views himself as a very powerful and important person. He becomes enraged at the fact that his prized possession or treasure, Cordelia, is being put in jeopardy by her response. Lear and a dragon both show how the concept of change can make one become very vulnerable. Although Lear’s inflexible personality causes him to banish Cordelia, the thought of losing his favourite daughter will become everlasting in his mind. Both a dragon and Lear have become so accustomed to their roles of protecting, that the idea of change may cause them to lash out. Furthermore, Lear shows how he feels superior to everyone below him in the hierarchy. His actions reveal that he sees himself as untouchable and is willing to pose threats to anyone he may feel uncomfortable or intimidated by. Even though Kent is giving Lear priceless advice, Lear’s current state of vulnerability causes him to usher threats and make idiotic decisions. Lear’s comments out of anger and his comparison to being a dragon shows how males have ultimate authority over women, and are able to speak their minds without consequences. In addition, men can be distinguished as the dominant gender since Lear parallel’s a dragon’s characteristics of being a very powerful creature and leader. Although Lear is willing to divide his kingdom up, he does not suggest that he is willing to give up any of his power. Lear still wants to remain as a leading figure and have full authority over everyone. There is no mention of a Queen being present, or the balance of power shifting to anyone else other than Lear. Therefore it is evident that Shakespeare uses animal imagery to show Lear’s fiery personality and male authority. Traditionally, snakes are seen as predatory animals that are feared by almost everyone. Being related to a snake is not normally a positive comparison, thus, one must commit a significantly evil action to be called one. The first reference to a snake is when Lear is ranting about Goneril to Regan. He states, â€Å"[Goneril] struck me with her tounge/ most serpant-like, upon the very heart† (2. 4. 169-170). In a traditional fight, a snake is almost powerless; however, it is known that by being smart and deceptive, snakes can be victorious in battle. Goneril shows this by flattering her father’s ego in order to obtain his riches. Once she takes her father’s wealth, she orders him to get rid of his knights, and ultimately kicks him out, with nowhere to go. Goneril’s cunning ability allows her to destroy her father, while benefiting herself. These villainous actions that she commits come as a surprise to Lear because he is blind to the fact that he is being cheated and robbed of his possessions from the second he offered the division of his kingdom. Just like a snake, the element of surprise is utilized by Goneril to catch her father off guard and thus, diminish his power without any consequences. Furthermore, this shows how greed and wealth can cause humans to make rash decisions, and therefore be compared to poisonous beasts. As the play comes to an end, one can see how the quote becomes very ironic as Goneril decides to poison her sister. Therefore not only does she possess the same mentality as a snake, she also follows through with her actions physically by the use of poison. Through a feminist lens, one could say that men are quick to blame women for their actions and mistakes. Lear is too busy feeling sorry for himself to realize that he was the cause of his own sadness and destruction. However, instead of acknowledging this fact, he immediately refers to his daughter as a snake. The representation of women as snakes shows the imbalance of power in society. In order for women to make their own decisions, they must be sly and quiet about them because they have no right to speak their minds in front of men. Therefore, instead of stating their own opinion, they must comply with the needs and wants of the men around them. Even if they have an excellent idea, it will most likely be opposed by men simply because women are viewed as being less capable or credible. With this being said, Shakespeare uses the image of snake to highlight the many evil and manipulative qualities that humans possess. Shakespeare utilizes the image of a bird to reflect both positive and negative attributes within his characters. Unlike most animals, birds are able to express both predatory and peaceful instincts. Towards the end of the play, the reference of a bird is seen in a positive way, as it represents the renewal of life and freedom. This is present when Lear states, â€Å"we two alone will sing like birds in a cage† (5. 3. 10). The quote emphasizes irony as both Lear and Cordelia are literally in prison like a bird in a cage. Despite the fact that they are captive, and about to lose their lives, their overall happiness is restored because they are together once again. After the climax of the play causes extreme pain and agony for both characters, being together with the one whom they can trust and care for is the best possible reward, regardless of the setting. Now that Lear and Cordelia are free from the evil sisters, they can live happily for the rest of their lives. This in turn causes them to sing like birds, or in other words, express their true happiness. This is a very controversial moment in the play, as it is the moment when Lear finally brings good-spirits to the tragedy that has taken place. Now that he is free of his arrogance and illusions, he is able to see the true love of Cordelia. The use of a caged bird describes Cordelia’s character perfectly. Throughout the play, she is expected to play the traditional role of a woman, which is to look pretty and â€Å"sing† charmingly. This suggests that women are expected to act only in the way that their male authorities desire. However, although Cordelia has done nothing wrong and has continued to be a loyal wife and daughter, she still ends up dead as a result of her sisters actions. Just like a caged bird, women are forced to live through the terms of their owners. Therefore, even though they have the ability to be free, they are obligated to listen to whatever their owners want. Also, this shows how men view themselves as providers, and the advantage of this is they recognize that majority of women would not be able to cope by themselves in a male dominated society. On the contrary, Shakespeare uses the image of a bird to show their more predatory and savage-like behaviours. These birds contradict the traditional image of a bird as they are very dangerous and aggressive. Throughout the play there are multiple references to these birds such as, â€Å"the hedge-sparrow fed the cuckoo so long,/ that it’s had it head bit off by it young† (1. 4. 203-204). The fool states this to Lear because he is aware of the evil actions that both Goneril and Regan are committing. Both daughters are raised by Lear therefore they know all his weaknesses and are able to take advantage of them. Also, once they are able to realize that their father is becoming old and weak, they take this opportunity to rid him of his power very quickly. The next examples of predatory birds in the play are once again used to make reference to the two evil daughters. However, this time Lear calls Goneril a â€Å"detested kite† (1. 4. 254), and states that both of them are â€Å"pelican daughters† (3. 4. 74). Lear now realizes that he has been deceived by his daughters and that his power has been stripped from him. These two references are also ironic, as these two birds are known to eat the flesh of decaying corpses. In many ways Lear represents a decaying corpse, as he is becoming old and powerless; therefore he can be easily taken advantage off. Thus, the image of birds throughout the play is critical because it allows Shakespeare to portray the positive and negative attributes in his characters. Throughout history, the disparity between animals and humans is unclear. However, Shakespeare effortlessly brings light to this subject as he is able to indirectly reveal the personalities of his characters by making connections to the qualities of particular animals. This literary method is known as animal imagery, and the characteristics that both humans and animals share allow one to conclude that they are very much similar in the way they act. In King Lear, a dragon, serpent, and bird emphasize animal imagery as they reflect common understandings that can be related to the actions of the characters in the play. Through a feminist analysis of the characters, it is evident that the Elizabethan Era was dominated by male egos. Therefore, one can see the importance of animal imagery as it not only shows the similarities of humans and animals, but allows Shakespeare to be comprehended on another level.

Case Study on RELE-Rouen: Language Immersion in Normandy Essay

Executive Summary Maxime is the co-founder of RELE-Rouen, a franchise language school under RELE at Rouen, France. The business took a downturn during the economic crisis from 2009 to 2011 and it has been losing money for three consecutive years. The franchise contract with RELE is due for renewal in two month. At this time, Maxime is presented with three options: 1. Renew franchise contract with RELE 2. Switch to OILT programs 3. Sell the building to EFEL This report first explored the constrains that Maxime faces in this decision making process. And then the three options are analyzed and compared in details by using a set of criteria, including financial return, franchise models comparison, and other business strategy related considerations, i.e. customers, company, distribution channels and market outlook. The people perspective in this decision making process is also being examined. Based on the findings, RELE-Roune will face another year of loss if RELE does not allow Maxime and Beatrice to run their weekend programs anymore in 2012. OILT is only more profitable if they can sell at a much higher quantity than they do now. And the 1.5m offer from EFEL is much below the valuation of the building and their business. Therefore, it is vitally important that Maxime first determine RELE’s willingness to grant Roune more freedom in program offering in the future. If RELE refuses to, Maxime and Beatrice has to choose between OILT and selling at a loss to EFEL. Maxime and Beatrice should also look for an OILT franchisee that is in a similar geographical location, i.e. a rural area in close proximity to a metropolitan city, to understand their marketing strategy and the new company identity in order to estimate their required initial investment and future business potential if they are to switch to  OILT. Constraint RELE’s centrally controlled sales activities and program offerings are largely the reason why Maxime and Beatrice can do very little to revive their business in times of crisis. It will continue to be a constrain in their future with RELE. Maxime and Beatrice’s financial situation can also restrict their decision-making. The current asset RELE-Rouen held as of 31 December 2011 is just enough to cover its current liability. Any new investment can create a considerably cash flow problem for the company. Maxime has already guaranteed a loan of â‚ ¬800,000 personally. It can be difficult for them to source for new loan or cash investment given the uncertainty of their business future. The building, which Maxime and Beatrice used to run RELE-Rouen, is jointly owned by the five siblings. It is a family heritage. Any decision made related to the use of this building will have to be in all siblings’ best interest. Criteria The three options are being evaluated based on the following criteria: Economics, Business Strategy and People. Economics This section details the financial analysis of the three options1. For RELE, three business scenarios are constructed and evaluated. An estimate of financial returns from OILT, assuming the same level of sales, is also calculated and compared with RELE’s. Lastly, an estimate for the valuation of the building and business provides an insight to EFEL’s offer. Option 1 – Renew franchise contract with RELE Scenario 1: RELE-Rouen offers only weekday programs. It is deduced from the case that Fabienne, the CEO, chose not to object to RELE-Rouen’s new weekend program because of the understanding that time was difficult. When the economy starts to recover, Fabienne may not allow this program to be offered anymore. It is estimated that RELE-Rouen will face a loss of close to â‚ ¬82,000. Scenario 2: RELE-Rouen continues its current offerings. Based on their own estimation, RELE-Rouen will have a profit of close to â‚ ¬30,000. Scenario 3: RELE-Rouen is allowed to offer both four-weekend and English program. This is the best-case scenario for RELE-Rouen. It is not clear why  RELE rejected Maxime and Beatrice’s proposal to offer English program in 2011. One of the possible reasons can be that RELE wanted to avoid new investment in selling to a new segment during crisis while their main focus was to maintain profitability of their own center. It is reasonable to assume that Maxime and Beatrice have a stronger bargaining power now given the fact that they have been approached by OILT and the economy will recover more in 2012. It is estimated that RELE-Rouen will take a profit of close to â‚ ¬91,000. From the calculation, it is clear to see that the profitability of RELE-Rouen is directly affected by the types of programs they can offer. If RELE put a stop to their weekend program, they will have another year of loss. Option 2 – Switch to OILT programs It is assumed that they will be offering both French and English classes during weekday and weekend with OILT. But without a clear understanding of the new targeted market, it is difficult to estimate a sales number. In this calculation, instead of looking at the profit based on an assumed number of sales, the profitability of the OILT programs is evaluated using the same level of sales as proposed in Scenario 3 with RELE. The comparison of the profitability can reveal the different franchise fee structure and its impact on profitability. It is also expected that certain amount of initial investments is required when switching to OILT. But at this stage, there is not sufficient information yet. The calculation simply assumed a similar cost structure as RELE, and did not include any additional investment. Based on the calculation, they will face a loss of close to â‚ ¬36,000. Compare this calculation with Scenario 3 at RELE, it can be concluded that by selling the same amount of classes, the RELE model is more profitable. Another calculation is done to prove the hypotheses that the OILT model is more profitable selling by quantity. By increasing the number of classes sold by 10% (which is still within their current capacity, therefore the same fixed cost applied), the profit almost doubled. Option 3 – Sell the building to EFEL The valuation of the building and the valuation of the business is, in total, around â‚ ¬2.6m. Details of the calculation can be found in Exhibit 3. Based on the calculation for the three options, it can be concluded that the â‚ ¬1.5m offered by EFEL is definitely not an attractive offer. Even if Maxime and Beatrice do not want to continue with their business, they should negotiate another deal with EFEL. Business Strategy Franchise model Since RELE’s only customer base is executive and it is assumed that the weekday programs are mainly sponsored by corporate, maintaining long-term corporate relationships would be RELE’s primary marketing focus. It also gives RELE reasons to centrally control their marketing effort because it is costly both in terms of time and money to build and maintain relationships with corporations and any mishandling of this relationship can adversely affect RELE’s image. The advantage of a centrally controlled sales operation reduces the franchisee’s cost in business development. The disadvantage is, RELE may not have the local knowledge to develop marketing strategy specific to the franchisees’ region and during economy downturn, franchisees have little to no freedom to recoup demand on their own. OILT on the other hand, is targeting at the mass individual consumers. It hardly controls any aspects of its franchisees’ operations. It also means that franchisees will have to decide every aspect of their growth strategy themselves. Customer As discussed earlier, RELE program is for executives while OILT program is for all adults, especially international tourists. A company’s customer base determines the identify of a company. If Maxime and Beatrice want to take up the OILT program, they may have to offer different type of food, different methods of teaching, different ways to promote their programs, different incentives to attract repeat customers and may be even different styles of decorations in the building. Company Maxime is a CEO of their family business apart from running RELE-Rouen with Beatrice. Even though they have been offering the RELE programs for 9 years now but because of the franchise policy, they have only been engaged in academic, administrative and hospitality related operations. Also due to the single type of customers, i.e. executives, they may not have the knowledge and skills in managing mass market. The professors working at RELE-Rouen  have an average age of 52. They may not adapt to new teaching methods of using multimedia very quickly. Competition Currently RELE-Rouen is enjoying a relatively low competition in the region. But OILT and EFEL are targeting at the same type of customers and both of them are interested in entering the region. If Maxime and Beatrice are to take up franchisee from OILT, EFEL is a competitor. Channels According to the financial estimate for the OILT model, it was concluded that in order to make a better profit, they have to sell a better quantity than they have now. Beatrice has little experience in sales and OILT franchise model requires an international sales coverage. OILT offers 10,000 international agents. Choosing the right agents and exploring alternative sales channel would directly determine the success of their business with OILT. Paco Valls, the OILT franchisee in Barcelona may not be a good reference to forecast Rouen’s business potential because of their different geographical location. In Barcelona, Paco Valls has direct access to both a large pool of tourists and the local residents, which Rouen does not provide. Market outlook As the economy starts to recover, Maxime and Beatrice should start to see a pick up in demand both in corporate spending and tourism. The potential of growth of the market also makes EFEL’s 1.5mn look less attractive. If Maxime and Beatrice is to switch to OILT, it is a good time to make the investment as well so that their new business will be up and running when the demand is back in full swing. People Maxime is 62 years old and will retire in 3 years. He may not want to engage in a new adventure and would prefer a stable income from a stable business. Beatrice’s only source of income is from their language school. And further losses can adversely affect her financial security. Their other siblings and the three teachers who have been working with them for close to a decade will also be affected if they decided to sell the school and the building. Synthesis After examining the three options Maxime has, it can be concluded that they will face another year of loss if RELE does not allow them to run their weekend program anymore. OILT is only more profitable if they can sell at a much higher quantity than they have now. And the 1.5m offer from EFEL is much below the valuation of the building and their business. Action Plan In view of the various potential and risks in their current business and their future alternatives, Maxime have to get an understanding with RELE if they can continue with their weekend programs in 2012 as soon as he can and if possible, he should make sure the contract reflects this provision. Maxime should also start negotiating with RELE on allowing them to offer English courses. At the same time, Maxime and Beatrice should also start doing market research in order to better understand the potential demand for OILT model in Rouen, such as the amount of tourists in the region, they can also look for OILT franchisees that are in similar geographical locations and learn from their experience and also help them estimate their financial future with OILT.