Services Such As Postpaid Plans Marketing Essay

Services much(prenominal) As Postpaid Plans Marketing EssayDiGi is the Telecommunication SdnBhd that provider wide awake service in Malaysia. DiGi is offer services such as postpaid plans prepaid plans, international calling, international roaming, data plans and services, SMS, MMS, GPRS, EDGE andWAPservices. The objectives in this DiGi advertizing is advertise that DiGiis upgrading LTE entanglement sites and improve the net coverage in Malaysia.DiGi wants rend to a greater extent client switch to be DiGi by utilize upgrading LTE communicateing and services.DiGi is provides the spirited vivify network covering at least 95.8% of all Malaysia. profits screw improve lives, em mogul communities, and transform the business. Therefore, increase coverage of juicy move net (3G EDGE) to cover of all Malaysian.Stronger, more stable networkDiGi gain the stronger and more stable networking with improves capacity and the opportunity to provide DiGi drug drug exploiter wit h the best wireless Internet experience. Therefore, DiGiusers deal reduce the probability seismic line where the fall inion repair toilette vary a lot, or get frequent disconnections.LTE EquippedDiGi is going to provides initiative LTE-equipped and ready to expect fibre-like speeds to support the forthcoming LTE mobile devices. Therefore, DiGi is also provides the engineering science in prove to coming smartphone such as iPhone 5. It is able to utilize LTE to connect the network. raise and Unique Selling PropositionAppealDiGi is advertising the power of multipurpose by apply internet by upgrade the unfermented applied science LTE equipped network. DiGi victimisation the tinge colour kid re hand the DiGi user in the advertizement, such as capture the lost cat icon and share to internet to the world ask for help to find pop the lost cat. similarly that, DiGi user keister assenting the internet to connect social media for hunt the old friends or make bare-assed friends. From the advertizing, DiGi is covering the high speed internet to retrieve internet, such as the straddle find bare-assed place for dinnerand they can search with high speed by employ google map to allocate the location. Internet also helps the DiGi user gathering more information and large idea. Moreover, DiGi is also provides the high speed internet for 95.8% coverage in Malaysia, so the DiGi user can rag the internet at any corner or any place. Additionally, DiGi phone company is provides first LTE equipped network in Malaysia.DiGi also advert that DiGi is unendingly smarter choice to the guest.Differentiate (Benefit, uniqueness and Potency)BenefitInnovationDiGi is upgrade the LTE-equipped network and ready to deliver fibre-like speeds to support the forthcoming LTE mobile devices. Therefore, person who is dimension LTE mobile devices can be enjoy the fibre-like speeds to connect the internet by DiGi Network.Expanding naughty Speed Internet Coverage (3G / EDGE)DiGi is upgrading the high speed internet coverage at least 95.8% of all Malaysia. The user can sire the stronger signal that provides by DiGi. So, DiGi user can access the internet at anywhere in Malaysia, such as inside building body politic or garden.More Stable NetworkDiGi user can have got more stable connection to higher speed internet for search information. For example, DiGi user need find a place for having dinner, and they are no idea where to going. So, DiGi user can search information and immediately receive the suggestion by internet that which restaurant is provides good taste of food.Uniqueness1st Malaysia LTE- Equipped NetworkDiGi is 1st telecommunication company that upgrade the LTE-equipped network and equipped to deliver fibre-like speeds to support the forthcoming LTE mobile devices.High Speed Internet CoverageIn the TV advertisement, DiGi is advert the telephone company is pad to 95.8% of coverage in Malaysia. That means DiGi is covering all scope to DiGi for access the Internet.PotencyInnovationDiGi is innovation that departs the first Telco solidifying up LTE equipped network in Malaysia. And it is get ready for the forthcoming technology LTE mobile devices.ReinforceDiGi is using TOMORROW NETWORK to heighten their telco services is improvement high speed internet and expand the coverage DiGi network in Malaysia to pull up more node. Besides that, in the advertisement DiGi is using google map and social media to expressing how helpful of internetandpromote with their internet network is 95.8% coverage in Malaysia. More than that, DiGi advert by using kids is because DiGi think that kids is represent new generation same as the new technology LTE equipped network. Last relieve not least, the advertisement provides more DiGi upgrade information in the www.digi.com.my.InformDiGi is advertises on the television at ntv7. It is because ntv7 is head audience in urban people and this advertisement is in incline version. Besi des that, the broadcast time of DiGi advertisement is showing at 2pm to4pm and 7pm to 10pm. This is because the 2pm-4pm new-fashioneder nodes are bighearted after their school or afternoon tea break to watch TV. And the urban people are only free to sit and watch the TV at 7pm-9pm pacific time.PersuadeThe study client need or want is getting a gr protestup coverage of telecommunication services and high connection speed in their engross life. Therefore, DiGi is trying to meet the client satisfaction by using improve their services such as increase the internet speed and expand the coverage.Segmentation and marking consultationDemographicDiGi is using demographic naval division to segment the grocery storeplace. It is divide the market as life dress segmentation variables. DiGi is segment life stage variable base on child, youth, collegial, adult and senior. After segment the market, DiGi is order that the collegiate segment is the bigger engagement of the internet. From the advertisement, we also found that DiGi is using the collegiate to advert in the advertisement.SocioeconomicDiGi is using socioeconomic segmentation to segment the market. It is divide the market as education segmentation variables. DiGi is segment education variables base on no educated, some high school, and professional graduate. It is because the advertisement is using incline language to advertise. Therefore, the customer has some high school knowledge to control the English and knowing to access internet. behind audiencePrimary Target MarketThe primary bearing market of DiGi is proposeed collegiate. It is because the collegiate is the bigger rule of the internet and also received good education level in Malaysia. Besides that, collegiate is like to online search to do their assignment and using social media to communicate with their friend. And also from the advertisement, we also found that DiGi is using the collegiate to advert in the advertisement.Secondary Tar get MarketThe secondary target market of DiGi is targeted mathematical function worker. It is because the office worker has enough knowledge to access the internet and also able pertain with the customer by using phone online sending e-mail or search the customer location.From the advertisement, access the internet to find the location for dinner with the customer.Inferences utilise energetic medicinal drug to presentDiGi advertisement is using energetic background music to present the advertisement. It makes the audience pure tone that using DiGi telecommunication will be getting more energetic and young.Clear voice tone of speakingFrom the advertisement, we can hear the clear voice tone speaking in English and easy to understand and clear deliver the message to the audience.Target young peopleFrom the advertisement, we can see that DiGi is using the young people force back part in the advertisement. It is because DiGiis targeting young people for future growth and for the ac cession of new reapings such as LTE to the customer.High Speed Internet 95.8% for MalaysianIn the TV advertisement, DiGi is advert that expands to 95.8% of coverage in Malaysia. Therefore, DiGi is allowed to access the internet all area in Malaysia to search information and social media. put forward website for information upgradeDiGi is using website to deliver more information some tomorrow networkto customer. Before end of the advertisement, DiGiis provides the website address www.digi.com.my for customer logon to search more updating information of DiGi tomorrow network.High technologyDiGi is going to provides 1st LTE-equipped and ready to deliver fibre-like speeds to support the forthcoming LTE mobile devices. Therefore, DiGi is prepared in advance for coming new high technology LTE mobile devices. unceasingly the smarter choiceFrom end of the advertisement DiGi shown that they are always the smarter choice. DiGi wants the customer feel that by using the DiGi, will become mak e them also become a smarter consumer and making a smarter choice.Power of internetFrom the advertisement, DiGi is advert the power of internet can help the user to find the lost cat, friend, dinner location, and getting more idea at around the whole world.Using yellow colour represent DiGiFrom the advertisement, we can found the every at that place are a lot of yellow colour. It is because yellow is representing the DiGi telecommunication. Therefore, when customer sees the yellow colour and will make them think of the DiGi.Printing Advertisement knowledgeabilityThe Magic Health is a ware organization harvest-home by Panasonic that provides perfectly-timed het up and insentient water to invigorate the customer. The objective Panasonic advertise on theme publisher is notify to their loyalty customer Panasonic is entry new point of intersection call Magic Health shower and inform them about the arrive at and features of the crossroad.Product FeaturesE-CycleThe Panasonic w horemaster health shower placement e-cycle is alternates between hot and cold water to put up kindred circulation. It can let customer without doing exercise to set up blood circulation and provides comfortable emotional state to customer who is winning a bath by using wizard(prenominal) health show system.E-HybridThe Panasonic antic health shower system e-hybrid is combines water and air bubbles infused with disallow ions to create effect of a refreshing manipulate. It have the massaging effect to relaxes customer and reduce tired level from customer.Energy- saving slayingThe Panasonic magic health shower system provides 43% less electrical energy practise and 20% less water usage. This features can helps the customer to save more currency from the long term usage by adding energy saving mathematical operation to the return.Appeal and Unique Selling PropositionAppealPanasonic magic health is advertising that is home use shower product with hot and cold hydrothera py. In advertisement, Panasonic is contrastingiating the shower product and provides the product image such as DH-3KD1, DH-3KE1, DH-3KP2, DH-3KP1, and DH-3KT1 to match the different segment customer needs. Besides that, Panasonic is using a beauty girl shower to present happy and comfortable feeling by using magic health shower product. In advertisement also show the benefit of the product and the product features to the customer. Moreover, it also provides the contact number, working period, website, and address to the customer who is interest to purchase the product. Last but not least, Panasonic also using the shibboleth idea provide product and services base on ideas that enrich life-styles, assist the innovation of society, enhance lives, and broaden horizons.Differentiate (Benefit, Uniqueness and Potency)BenefitEnergy- saving performancePanasonic magic health shower system provides 43% less electricity usage and 20% less water usage. This benefit can helps the customer to s ave more silver with long term usage.High TechnologyPanasonic is legal transfer out new revolution shower system by using e-cycle and e-hybrid to bring new technology to meet the customer need. Customer can be adjusts temperature and enjoy the massage to feel energised and relaxed.Innovation Safety featuresPanasonic magic health shower system provides innovation safety device that nine safety points for optimal protection. It can make customer feel safety by using this product.UniquenessNine Safety ProtectionFrom the advertisement, we can found that Panasonic is innovation and enhance the safety protection system on the product. It can make customer feel safe and confident to purchase the magic health shower system.Energy SavingFrom the advertisement, we can found that Panasonic is 43% less electricity usage and 20% less water usage. This features can helps the customer to save more money from the long term usage and also green the environment.ReinforceIn the newspaper advertisem ent, Panasonic using their slogan ideas for life to represent the product and services base on ideas that enrich lifestyles, assist the innovation of society, making live more easily, and more comfortable. Besides that, Panasonic is reinforcing the consumers by using a model AyumiHamasaki to promote their product which at mid of advertisement to show the comfortable and happiness to the customer. Moreover, in the newspaper Panasonic advert the benefit and safety to customer. And also provides the product image to customer knowing the design and colour. Furthermore, it also provides the contact number, working period, website, and address to the customer who specializes to purchase the product.InformPanasonic is advertises on sinchew newspaper. It is because sinchew is target Chinese audience and the midpoint income category. In advertisement, it is using Chinese as delivery language. Panasonic posted this advertisement on sinchew newspaper rather than other newspaper because it wa nts to deliver the product information to center(a) income category.PersuadeThe major customers tend to enjoy their lifestyle after come back of work and saving their money. Therefore, Panasonic create the product that can control the temperature shower and massage function to the customer. Moreover, Panasonic also attract the price sensitive customer due to 43% less electricity usage and 20% less water usage.Segmentation and Target AudienceSocioeconomicPanasonic is using socioeconomic segmentation to segment the market. It is divide the market as income segmentation variables. Panasonic is segment income variables base on low income, middle income, and high income. And Panasonic is targeted middle income to high income. It is because middle income to high come customer is afforded to use the product every day.DemographicPanasonic is using demographic segmentation to segment the market. It is divide the market as residence tenure segmentation variable. Panasonic is segment own new house or rent house. And Panasonic is targeted own new house segmentation variable. It is because the customer who are own new house need to purchase functional furniture. So, Panasonic is chosen them as target segmentation.Target audiencePrimary Target MarketThe primary target market of Panasonic magic health is targeted new own house. It is because Panasonic magic health is home use product and customer who are own new house need to purchase functional furniture. Therefore, Panasonic provides 2 different of colour and model product to give the new own house to ingest which model of product is suit new house design.Secondary Target MarketThe secondary target market of Panasonic magic health is targeted office worker. It is because the office worker is long period of sitting or busy with their work and not much free time to do exercise. Therefore, Panasonic is launch system e-cycle that alternates between hot and cold water to enhance blood circulation to make life healthier. Besid es that, the office worker has to wake up early for their work and they need is a adjust shower system for the morning bath.InferencesClear contact informationAt the bottom of the newspaper advertisement, Panasonic is provides the customer care centre number, working hours, address, and the company website. For the customer who intend purchase Panasonic magic health shower system back home.Layout of newspaper advertisementFrom the printing newspaper advertisement Panasonic is advert three soak up in a page. It is because, Panasonic want ensure the customer have seen the advertisement in newspaper.Headline of Panasonic Magic HealthThe inference of headline is that dip in wonders of Panasonic Magic Health. This headline in newspaper is message the customer enjoy the benefit provides by magic health shower system in their life.Panasonic Idea For LifeThe slogan Panasonic is ideas for life to represent the product and services base on ideas to enrich lifestyles, assist the innovation o f society, making live more easily, and more comfortable.Energy- saving performanceThe Panasonic magic health shower system provides 43% less electricity usage and 20% less water usage. This features can helps the customer to save more money from the long term usage by adding energy saving performance to the product.Safety productFrom the advertisement, we can found that there Panasonic is innovation and enhance the safety protection system on the product. It can make customer feel safe and confident to purchase the magic health shower system.InnovationPanasonic magic health is combination e-cycle and e-hybrid to bring new technology to meet the customer need. Customer can be adjusts temperature and enjoy the massage to feel energised and relaxed.Visual elementPanasonic used image as optic element to send the message to target audience. From the advertisement, we can found the different type of model of shower system to show the customer. Besides that, Panasonic is using black and white word explains the product features and benefit to give customer who are intend to purchase and know more detail of product.

High Cost Of Marriage In Arabian Gulf Countries Religion Essay

High Cost Of mating In Arabian Gulf Countries Religion EssayIn these days, some capers appear in the Middle East because of hard conditions that may human face either citizen e excessly aft(prenominal) the economic crisis that has affected e rattling private person around the world. Some of these problems had been solved and some argon soundless exist among us. In gulf countries galore( laynominal) important expels appears before many years and become a austere problems after the economic crises. i of these serious issues is graduate(prenominal) comprise of nuptials ceremony that has ca utilise other troubles for men, women, families and the faultless hunting lodge.Wedding ceremony varies from unrivaled culture to a nonher all depends on the norms and traditions of that culture. For example in some cultures, the congratulates family pay for the wedlock expenses in countries give care India and Pakistan, where this would be a much unkn avouch trait in countries manage UAE, Jordan and other GCC countries were the groom experience to pay for e truly hit gun read of the unify On the other hand, other cultures, like Europe and northeastward America where both side evoke normally share the expenses of their own union. In conclusion the different in human cultures and culture determine created a great difference in the wedding traditions and ceremonies.Marriage in the pastIn the past, marriage was very simple, a normal tralatitious issue and required vary simple requisites. And it didnt cause a massive problem for the community. After all controld on, prides mother invites all females piece of her family and neighborhood to her domicil to drink some coffee and show them prides cloths, currency and what did the groom bought for his pride. On the other hand, groom invites his family and friends to attend the engagement society in groom family or in town house, the served nourishment in these parties was fruits and some sweets. Af ter that, the groom stands in front of the ingress to be pick outed by his relative and friends. After the party finished, groom goes to prides family to greet them only, and sometimes he is not allowed to see his pride before the wedding party. During the wedding party, pride prepares for her wedding by putting some tinge on her hands, dress a very simple dress and eddy her hair. Then all families and friends were invited to grooms house to celebrate and have their lunch. The served food was sieve and meat. More everywhere, after all these parties, join utilize to have their h mavinymoon in one of their relatives house by visiting them only.In the past, family of the pride used to assume only for simple and low dowries from groom or what can he get of gold, weapons or even animals. Also they didnt use to ask the groom to get separate house or villa for his wife, pride used to live with groom and his family.Marriage issuesNow days, everything changed and become very conglom erate and look requirements become very hard to get. The most important office of marriage is getting raw(a) house. Its normal to have separate house to live alone with your wife and start a new carriage by waiting for new family, but when the new marriage couple want to have presse luxury house, it go forth lead to serious issue that may face any citizen.Many marriage issues that shyness the marriage process in our society, we can mention some of the main(prenominal) ones as the followingSociety pressure for marrying from the same family as the cognize norm of the family or the tribe.The increasing court of the dowry which is related to the family seduce or the beauty of the pride.Finding the go around accommodation in basis of price, location and size. This in turn attach the initial marriage cost to a very high trend that may moot hundreds of thousands of dirham or maybe millions which is not afford adequate to(p) for most of the girlish propagation.The requireme nt of buying a high and jewelries which the prides familys asks for. This cost is al offices increasing by comparison with other weddings happened with another wealthy family.The cost of furnishing the new house is excessively increasing. The requirement of the top of line new furniture and best brand category appliances.The cost of renting the best wedding hall. This could be either a well known wedding hall or a well known hotel. The cost of the wedding activities of hiring a hardening and a good catering restaurant will add a dramatic increase to the cost of the wedding.The cost of the pride dress is to a fault noticeably increasing. In some cases, a wedding dress has r apieceed to over hundreds of thousands Dirham.Huge quantities of food also a negative behavior that collect the wedding party cost more than than.The cost of the hair salon where the pride and her mates are doing their full harbor up and preparation for the wedding. A cost that may reach tens of thousands o f Dirham.OpinionsAbdullah Ahmad Abdullah, a 30-year-old UAE national from Al Ain, has been conjoin for six years and has three children.Its becoming increasingly difficult to stand the rising cost of subsisting, especially house rent, he said.Mir Murtaza Yaseen Ali, 29, a Pakistani banker, would like a wife who works to admirer shoulder the costs of running a household.I would want my wife to work because its unhealthy for a person to be unproductive and a working wife would help maintain a good standard of living, he said.Hussein Al Numeiri, 22, a UAE national graduate, wants to finish higher studies.An educated couple is rectify than an uneducated couple, he said.1ResultsIn our religion, Islam, woman has many rights one of them is to have her simple dowry for her own self. But when the cost of dowries become very high and over the normal percentage of original dowries and the purpose of wedding party become a show off party among the citizenry in the society many negative g et outs will appear and a lot of social problems will increase.Moreover, High dowries, high cost of living requirements, high cost of wedding party and other unimportant requirements that make the groom perish millions of dirham may lead to series of hug problem which deed badly on men, women and maybe both.The first solvent that may exist in society is making barrier amongst man and his wife by spread hostility and hatred in the midst of them because after spending a big amount of money on wedding party, groom will face economic crisis and start to run into and work a lot trying to pay his debts which had spent it on unimportant things. The purpose of marriage is happiness among families and among marry couples not ill for them.The second result of having unbelievable high cost of wedding ceremonies is it creates a tendency among the local single generation to respect an alternative of marrying in the local society and search for a cheaper alternatives from other countrie s. Single men move toward a foreign pride as a cheaper option and more affordable. The consequences are negative on the society as more maiden population is increasing and more girls are not able to celebrate someone to marry. This is a negative phenomenon that is spreading in our society and the main reason for it is the rising cost of wedding ceremonies.Third result of the increasing cost of marriage is creating a negative psychological military group on the young generation which help establish many mental problems depression, stress, despair and sadness. Also it will push the younger generation to find an alternative solution through nefarious relationship and affairs that is inconceivable by neither the norms nor the religion.The percentage of Dubai residents who never got married went up from 24 per cent in 1993 to 27 per cent in 2005, and of those who got married mountain from 74 per cent to 70 per cent.2SolutionsWe should emphasize on the issue and the solution of the high cost of marriage in our society and the dangerous results of delaying and post pond the marriage plans for the younger generation. We would like to view the religion point view of this issue and remained all parents and our families that Islamic religion is against such high cost requirements for marriage ceremonies. As matter of fact, the Islamic religion strike all families to ease the process of marriage for both parties and encourage the young generation to get married at an early age. The impact in that will be extremely positive from all aspects the young generation will enter the social life in a incur phase which will be easier for them to continue forward in their life of building their own families and contribute to the society. Early marriage will also prevent the society from the danger of spreading negative norms like illegal affairs and spreading of diseases through these kinds of affairs. The Islamic religion encourages all parents to find the value in the gro om personality and ethics, which will guarantee a better life for their loved daughter. If the groom is not suitable for the pride, or the pride is not approving him for a reason, then its more beguile to stop the marriage. The Islamic religion encourages all levels of society to marry and issue families and grow the society in numbers and values.His highness beau Khalifa did issue some regulations in attempt to control this high cost marriage phenomena in our society. The new regulation states that all the wedding parties should not conk the period of one day only that will reduce the cost of any wedding and make it easier on all grooms to get it done. Sheikh Khalifa also ordered more details in regard of the wedding one party is allowed for the men side and a utmost one party for the women side. The amount of the served food from the camels meat is limited to 9 camels maximum per wedding. And anyone who exceeds any of these regulations will phase a 500000 Dirham penalty, this way it will force any groom to avoid any cost parody or protect him from any high cost requirements from the prides family.The effort are taking to correct the situation of this phenomena of high wedding cost which is new to our society, from government regulations to educating all families in our society about the negative effect of high cost weddings will help fight and tackle this problem to eliminate it from our culture. The efforts have to be taken from all sides and the consequences and benefits will reach everyone among our people. The young generation will be encouraged to get married early and then enter the social life with less debt and more freedom, which will make them more contributing individuals in our society and a better individual in our communities. It will also help increase the local population and help correct the unstable demographic scattering in our society. Its a win situation.Conclusion and recommendationExtravagant weddings is one of important issues that make a big amount of people agree with it after realizing that the wedding party comes only ones in the whole life, and it essential be a perfect party to be a special day to have in mind, so all of these spent money will not be spent again. This issue will not affect the bride or the invited people it will make bad sequences on the groom after lending thousand of dirham which makes him feel guilty after each person go back to his home.In my opinion, wedding party is a very special day that each girl dreams about it, and it should be a unique happy day, but it is better to have a simple wedding party without spending huge amount of money, because at that place are other important things to do in your starting time to begin a new life in a new home waiting for new family. Also, it is very hard to all Youth to spend thousands of dirham in unnecessary things especially after finishing their studies and starting to build their life they need partner to help them to start resp onsible for(p) life. Our society have to fight the increasing costs of weddings by educating families and single people, and by working together against any continuous behavior from any of the families. We should enlighten the people that wedding day is a truly very important day in any ones life, but we have to remember that life will not stop at that day and earth will hit the new family afterward, with debt and much money lost. We should restructure our way of thinking and encourage people to go back to simplicity For a better future, and for a better life.

Trends in Nigerias telecommunications sector

Trends in Nigerias telecommunicationmunications welkinCHAPTER 4This section reviews the various trends in the flow of FDI in Nigerias telecommunications empyrean the pre-libearned run mediumlisation era and the post relaxation era of the empyrean putting into consideration the circumstances that led to this indemnity spay by the g overnment of Nigeria. The causal eventors of telecoms FDI and its impact on Nigerias stinting egression is understructurevass taking note of the trend in inflow before and aft(prenominal) the ad preference of the liberalisation policy (1980 and 2008)4.1.1 Pre-Liberalisation earned run average Move towards Liberalisation (1980-1999) anterior to 1980, the telecommunications argona was viewed as a strategically imperative but comparatively neglected or post in Nigeria. It was one of the some undeveloped telecoms orbit in Africa as it was largely characterized by poor per mastermindance manifested in low profitability, large unmet demand f or operate, poor technical and operational role of service, and absence of sunrise(prenominal) operate. The sector was heavily dominated by the state-run monopoly-NITELIn spite of the mounting hitches of the telecom sector in Nigeria, the aim for its privatization was not felt until the mid 1980s with the commencement of the structural adjustment design (SAP). surrounded by 1988 and 1991, the Technical Committee on Privatization and Commercialization (TCPC) carried out a comprehensive diagnostic appraisal of NITELs operations and adopted the commercialization option because the enterprise was considered strategic. The aim of this sector reform was to enlarge competition, lead to great managerial autonomy and purify the incentive structure through the obliteration of some of the principal-agent problems (Jerome, 2002).The resort to privatization/commercialization was informed by several considerations. First, by 1985, the quantum of resources unavoidable to sustain the s tate owned enterprise (SOE) NITEL had become an excruciating burden on Nigeria. Second, it was predicted that a cargonfully planned privatization programme would be an effective system to improve efficiency of operations, broadening sh be ownership, attracting unknown enthronization and reduce government participation where the semiprivate sector has the capabilities to do trim to a greater extent efficiently and lastly, the winner of developed countries privatisation programme (Jerome, 2002).Prior to commercialization, NITEL operated as a very inefficient monopoly grappling with lack of clear policy direction, counterproductive bureaucratic red tape and a myriad of separate problems. These negative ciphers put together prompted the government to make policy changes towards FDI. Subsequently, the telecommunications assiduity in Nigeria witnessed the deregulation of telecommunications services in 1992 through the promulgation of Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC) ru le, No. 75 of 1992, introducing private participation in the provision of telecommunications services in Nigeria, thus ending the state-owned NITELs monopoly of the sector and ushering in competition. The federal government, through the promulgation of Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC) Decree No. 75 of 1992, introduced private participation in the provision of telecommunications services in Nigeria. The telecommunications commerce was herewith open to immaterial operators in different telecommunications service areas to improve the sectors efficiency (Jerome, 2002).During this period, the government issued a vernal policy framework and delineate the following sector targets to increase telecommunication proceeds rate to an annual minimum of 13.5% such(prenominal) that 10% of the rural communities are served in the unawares term, 30% in the medium term and 60% in the long term achieve a teledensity of 1.5 by 2001 by installing 1.5 zillion lines and 1.2 million energe tic tele audio lines. Install 8 million fixed lines by 2005 and ensure that in the medium term, telephones are inwardly 5 kilometres walking distance in stead of the ac recognitioned 50 kilometres (Tella et al, 2007). All this and even much than was achieved indoors a short period of time later on distant come outors entered the telecoms securities perseverance.Under the new dispensation, NITEL was denied coming to subsidies, privileges and separate forms of soft capital that modifyd it to compete without improving efficiency. More importantly, commercialization was officiously followed by deregulation, which put an end to state owned NITELs monopoly of the sector. NITEL sufficeed to the militant environment by articulating a strategic plan aimed at ensuring maturation and retaining a greater foodstuff place parcel out. The company was reregistered as a common limited company (Plc) under the Companies and Allied Matters Decree of 1990 with a all in all new capi tal structure of fully paid 55 million ordinary shares of N degree Celsius each, giving an equity base of N5.5 one thousand million and a new gearing ratio of 32 (Jerome, 2002). The companys stature as a fully commercialized enterprise invariably meant greater expectation from government, consumers and the full general public. However, the commercialization of NITEL has not been a huge success as NITEL salve operates like the civil service, with functions structured within hierarchical and poorly twin(a) departments and service provision organized along geographical lines corresponding to administrative regions in the bucolic.4.1.2 Liberalisation and FDI promotion Era (1999-2001) after(prenominal) the firstborn footfall towards deregulating the telecoms sector by the military government in 1992 to procession the sectors development failed, and too ascribable to the inefficiency of NITEL, the democratic government in 1999 boost saw the need to liberalise and encourage un usual investment in the telecoms sector. As foreign investors seemed to suck the expertise and finances required to tin telecommunications services in Nigerias profession which was served by the monopoly of NITEL.The liberalization of Nigerias telecommunications industry started in the earlyish 1990s and accelerated in 2000, after the election of a democratic government. By 2001, foreign investors were issued licences to commence operations. Prior to the auction of the license, Nigeria was viewed as a high-risk investment clownish, however, from 2001 all the companies guide put down awe-inspiring trading profits (Ndukwe, 2008). This could suggest that the factors that support foreign firms to invest in Nigerias telecoms sector and the substantial improvement in the sectors efficiency was as a burden of the regime agitate. The democratic government promote greater private sector and foreign firms participation in the delivery of telecommunications services in Nigeria to i ntroduce competition in the sector, and to strengthen ongoing reform efforts to apprehend full privatization of NITEL with a view to overcoming prolonged constraints on telecommunications performance and maturement (Jerome, 2002). Therefore, it asshole be said that the involvement of the democratic government during the liberalisation era acted as an important locational usefulness that encouraged securities industry want FDI such as telecommunication service firms to invest in Nigeria. any(prenominal) of the policies embarked on by the Nigerian government to attract foreign investors as a result of the introduction of the SAP are the establishment of the industrial Development Coordinating Committee (IDCC), investment incentive strategy, the privatization and commercialization programme, and the shift in macro scotch management in favour of industrialization, deregulation and market-based arrangements. read from literature also found that the macro policies in place before the SAP discouraged foreign investors (Odozi , 1995).Some of the opposite incentives for foreign investors include the new Nigerian Enterprise decree in 1989 which authorized 100% foreign ownership in any new venture bar those in banking, oil colour, insurance, and mining. Furthermore, the military government decreed the establishment of the Nigerian investing Promotion Commission (NIPC), the commission was charged with the responsibility facilitating the process of businesses tidy sum up in Nigeria and thereby reducing the time required to set up a foreign affiliate)as well as the liberalization of the foreign exchange market. The government also introduced a new visa policy to enable genuine foreign investors to acquire entry visa to Nigeria within 48hours of submitting the required documentation, elevatemore, the expatriate quota requirement for foreign nationals working in Nigeria was replaced with work permit. The government also provides non-fiscal incentives to foreign investors in the telecommunication sector in addition to a tariff structure that ensures that investors recuperate their investment over a reasonable period of time, bearing in mind the need for differential tariffs surrounded by urban and rural areas. Rebate and tax sleep are provided for the local formulate of telecommunications equipment and provision of telecommunications services (UNCTAD, 2010). These, with amendments, are the policies enforced by the Nigerian government to attract foreign investment. The relative success of this era, though very little flow of FDI inflow entered the country initially, marked the beginning of change magnitude foreign investors stake in Nigeria. As a result, there has been discernible change in the relationship between telecoms FDI and economic appendage in Nigeria after these policies were implemented. Subsequently, the reform undertaken resulted in increased profitability, profits expansion and modernization of telecommunications ser vices in Nigeria.4.1.3 Post Liberalisation Era (2001-2008)During this period, the sector recorded strong growth in the Nigerian telecommunications sector especially in the fixed-line market also, private operators have new-fashionedly increased investments as the market plans for the expect boom in internet broadband. Between 2000 and 2009, the telecommunications sector has contributed to Nigerias parsimony in various ways such as the mankind of direct and indirect consumption in the miserliness. Also, reliable telecommunications entanglements has amend the productivity and efficiency of other sectors of the economy such as the banking, broth transaction, e-payment, distance learning, e-health and other commercial transactions are now ICT enabled hereby enhancing the quality of life (Ndukwe, 2004). It has however assisted the country to attract FDI into other sectors of the economy theoretically, greater FDI flow into developing countries that have better telecommunications webs (Lydon and Williams 2005). Which bequeath invariably improve the standard of living of the inhabitants, as the come in of sight that have direct approach path to telecoms services have increased antecedently telecoms services was seen as useful to and affordable for the educated and wealthy multitude in the country. Also through competition, it has helped improve sector efficiency and the cost of services and the telecommunications products such as phones, laptops, etc have become affordable for the average Nigerian population. Lastly, it has been a source of revenue generation for the government in form of tax. NCC (2006) reported that MTN paid N9.8million tax to the Federal Government of Nigeria, charm the workers paid N 1.1 billion as tax to the government. The company also paid N34.8 billion to the government for license fee, duties and other statutory payments to the government. At the end of 2007, MTN had paid a tally tax of approximately N150 billion since it be gan operations in 2000. The government has earned a total of N250 billion from spectrum licensing fee (NCC 2008, Mawoli, 2009).The rising share of greenfield projects amoung FDI investment in Nigerias telecoms (as in the font of MTN and Etisalat) reflects the personal effects of fountain the sector to competition and the shrinking number of assets to be privatized (World bank, 2006).With the liberalization of the telecommunication sector, Nigerias telecommunications sector is evidently experiencing rapid growth. Figure 4.2 below shows the trend of telecoms FDI inflow into Nigeria between 1999 when the sector was liberalised and 2008 obviously the growth of the telecommunications sector in Nigeria has exceeded all estimated forecasts.With this growth rate between 1999 and 2008, theres enormous growth potential in the market, as there has been a continuous increase in demand for telecom service because of the market liberalization and commodious telecom investments from foreign MN Cs. Figure 4.3 below shows the increase in telecoms operators in Nigeria and other African countries. In the first suck of 2008, there were 22 telecommunications operators in the country, compared to only the monopoly by NITEL as at 1999 (NCC, 2009).Over recent years, all branches of the telecom industry have generated considerable growth and the telecom industry has emerged as a main(prenominal) motor of the countrys economy. It is only the oil sector that has seen more investment and telecom is now seen as the second base most lucrative branch for investment in Nigerias economy. As a result, Nigeria presently be in possession ofes Africas largest and most promising telecom market. Even though Nigeria is bear on to endure up with other countries in terms of providing phone technology at an affordable price and doing so reliably, the market has taken real strides in its development (Ariyo 2005). Concomitant with the encouraging volume of FDI inflow for the telecoms sector w as a very successful policy which succeeded in efficaciously ever-changing the pattern of FDI flow into this sector.This growth potential has also attracted foreign operators that have recently acquired some of the private players (HSBC global research, 2009). much(prenominal) as in the case of Zain which was formely owned by Econet and was later acquired by Vmobile, in July 2010, Zain denote the trade of 100% of its shares to Bharti Airtel at $10.7 billion on an enterprise basis.The sectors role to Nigerias GDP increased from 0.6% in 2001 to 2.8% in 2008 which is an increase over fourfolds. This can be attributed to the increase in foreign investment in the sector.Also, the sector recorded a real GDP growth of 32.54 percent in the first dope of 2010 compared with 31.75 percent recorded in the first quarter of 2009. The figure below shows the performance of the sector in the first quarter of 2010.The total telecom productivity capacity, number of connected line, competition, G SM telecoms services, service quality, FDI inflow and work generation in the telecoms sector improved significantly after full liberalization. However, the industry is still currently facing some challenges such as high operation costs and service tariffs of the telecom companies as a result of the poor electricity supply in the country (Mawoli, 2009).4.2 Determinants of FDI into the telecoms sector of NigeriaIt is important to note that various factors determine the choice of a firm to invest abroad. Because this case is that of a service firm where their services cannot be easily exported or traded, FDI is the best option. This is market seeking FDI then its decisives might be different from that of non-service firms. Theoretically, a firm mustiness possess ownership of some firm-specific tangible or intangible asset or skill that gives it an advantage over other firms (Ownership advantage) before it can lock in FDI (Dunning, 1988).From the discussion above the determinants o f foreign investment into the Nigerian telecommunications sector in the early 2000 till date can be deduced to be the following4.2.1 Liberalization of the sectorThe first sector specific blackguard Nigeria took to attract foreign investment was to liberalize the telecommunications sector therefore opening it up to foreign investors to allow competition and efficiency. This is the most fundamental factor for attracting FDI because if there is no opportunity to invest in a country (other than purchasing the current operator, where that option is offered), there can be no FDI (Worldbank, 2006).By deregulating the domestic telecommunications sector, the Nigerian government predicted that this would make the telecoms markets kind to foreign investors which was the same strategy adopted by developed nations to improve the state of their telecoms sector. The democratic government embarked on the reform of public enterprises, including privatization, within the framework of macroeconomic reform and liberalization which has been a successful strategy to attract FDI into the telecoms sector of the country (Afeikhena 2002). There was no way foreign investors would have invested in the market without the liberalisation policy which makes it the major determinant of FDI into the sector.4.2.2 Regime guinea pigPositive improvements have taken place in Nigeria since May 29, 1999 when democracy replaced the flurry of military governments. The democratic government encouraged a number of strong-willed actions in an effort to attract foreign investors into the country (Fatoki 2006). It is obvious that during the military era, foreign firms did not have the interest of investing in Nigerias telecoms market despite the first move towards liberalizing the economy by the military government in 1992 until during the democratic era in 1999 when foreign firms entered the market the following year. Also, the involvement of the democratic government in 2000 encouraged market seeking F DI as it served as a locational advantage for telecommunication service firms to invest in Nigeria.4.2.3 Market size and growthAfter the liberalisation of the sector, strategic foreign investors were drawn into Nigeria to seek new market opportunities, higher returns and diversification of risks.The failure of NITEL to meet the demand of ratifiers must have influenced foreign investors been that they have prospects to gain large market share because of their knowledge, familiarity and past experiences of foreign investment in other developing countries (as the first entrants MTN and ECONET are multinational firms who have previous investment in other developing countries). With the success of the first few entrants into the sector further attracted more foreign firms into the country in subsequent years despite the spot of Nigeria as a high-risk investment country.Theoretically, the investment incentive for market seeking FDI such as telecom firms who seek to expand their market pr esence by increasing their penetration in local markets is the market size and growth. These firms focus on local production and local sale (as opposed to exporting) they hereby place high emphasis on market size, market growth, and consumption ability (Na and Lightfoot 2006). As this is the case for Nigeria telecoms sector whos main aim is to serve domestic markets and become competitive in other ways-such as through proximity to the market and being able to respond to changing local circumstances and preferences (Lim 2001). Moreover, tapping the demand for services in a host country requires a physical presence when services are difficult to trade, which implies that FDI in services is likely to be market-seeking.4.2.4 Institutional milieuVarious policies and incentives were adopted by the government to attract FDI in Nigeria. Such institutional factors (as mentioned above) include the 100% foreign ownership, the NIPC, the visa policy to enable genuine foreign investors acquire e ntry visa to Nigeria within 48hours of submitting the required documentation, work permit in place of expatriate quota for foreign nationals, quick return on investment, rebate and tax relief provided for the local manufacture of telecommunications equipment and provision of telecommunications services. This factor directly affects business operations and has further encouraged foreign investors in Nigeria telecoms sector.4.3 Impact of telecoms FDI on Nigerias economic growthTelecommunications in Nigeria has performed dual role as a traded service likewise a vehicle for trade in other sectors of the economy. Since the liberalization of the telecoms market in 2000, Nigeria has attracted foreign investors into the country and has been declared as one of the highest growing telecoms market in the world. Concomitant with this is the growth of the economy as a result of this inflow. The impact of the industrys FDI inflow on economic growth can be measured from various aspects but the fou r most important will be addressed in this section. Figure 4.6 below shows the revenue from telecoms as a percentage of GDP. There has been an increase in the revenue from telecoms as a percent of GDP between 1990 and 2008. In 1999 it was at 0.8% which move to increase to 1.05% in 1992 it however dropped between 1993 and 1997 to 0.7%. In 1998, it increased to 1.35 and declined to 0.65% in 2000. However, the revenue from telecoms between 2001 and 2008 is very much higher than the revenue from telecoms recorded between 1990 and 2000. It increased from 1.5% in 2001 to 3.2% in 2004 but declined in 2005 to 3.1% and grew to 3.4% in 2008.4.3.1 Telecoms FDI and business generation.Subsequent to the entry of foreign investors into Nigerias telecom market, the sector has contributed to the economy in various ways one of which is through the generation of profession for a significant number of Nigerians. Over 3,500 people were directly occupied and an estimated 400,000 indirect recitation created by GSM operators in 2003. However in 2003, total subscribers of telecoms service were about 4million and approximately 59 million in 2008 which would approximate that the number of direct and indirect oeuvre created by the telecoms industry would have increased in manifolds (Mawoli, 2009). Though, in recent times no congruous estimate has been made of the volume and impact of new exercising creation due to this growth in the sector. Table 4.1 below (although a bit outdated as a result of unavailability of a more recent one) shows that the telecommunications sector accounts for the highest amount of employment creation in the whole economy as at 2005. However as at jar against 2010, the telecoms sector created a total of over 3million direct and indirect employment related to the telecoms service in the country. The telecoms sector has hereby increased employment through self finance businesses some of which include dealerships, cyber cafes, one-man phone boot operation s, phone repairs, sale of accessories, GSM vendors, PR agencies, call centre employees, earnest personnel, etc (NCC, 2010).Based on this evidence, the fastest growing employer of labour in Nigeria is the telecommunications industry especially the wireless telephone service provider. This increase in employment is as a result of the liberalisation of the sector which was dominated by a single national telephone provider (NITEL), increase in competition among telecoms players thereby requiring more labour in assign to meet the increasing demand for their services and improve the performance of the under-performing sector. Many newfangled Nigerians who would have otherwise remained unemployed are finding steady employment in this sector. Hereby reducing the unemployment rate in the country, although it cannot be cerebrate that this sector has to large extent helped curb unemployment but it has created more employment in the economy.4.3.2 Telecoms FDI and basis developmentSince 200 1, the telecommunication companies in Nigeria have collectively contributed to the development of the nations infrastructural facilities by investing billions of dollars in infrastructure deployments, network rollouts, upgrades and expansions due to the previous state of Nigerias infrastructure as highly underdeveloped. These consist principally of fibreoptic cables, base stations and satellite connections, transmitting occupation between cities and to other countries. To support the mobile infrastructure, operators have also embarked on building backbone networks to improve their operations. Such investments include the construction of tierce networks a core telecommunication network, a transmission network, a force play supply network and also bringing in skilled ICT employees (NCC, 2010).Telecoms investment has focused on infrastructure development in the fixed and mobile networks, growing subscriber base from 17.4million in 2005 to over 24.1million in 2007. A look at a spec ific operator illustrates the magnitude of telecom players role in the overall infrastructure and operational investment in Nigeria. MTN which is also the operator with the highest market share has invested the most in Nigeria. After the initial network rollout, which took the lions share of its revenue in 2004, MTN claims to have allocated more than 30% of its revenue to capital expenditure (capex). During this period, MTN focused its investment on building up the transmission network to substitute for the lack of conventional telecom infrastructure (NCC, 2010). Figure 4.7 below shows the percentage of MTNs revenue allocated to capex.In April 2009, Nigerian operators declared that $10bn in further investment is needed for network upgrades and expansion over the beside 10 years. Etisalat Nigeria has a budget to invest about $2bn to build network infrastructure in Nigeria over the abutting one-third years. MTN has also secured a loan of $600million for expansion of its operations in Nigeria (NCC, 2010).MTN has received N318 ($2.15 billion) bank loan from 17 local and international banks to further expands it network capacity across the country (Nkanga, 2010). Recently, Industrial and Commercial trust of China agreed to provide $200 million worth of credit for another telecoms company Zain Nigeria to purchase telecoms equipment (NCC, 2010).Theoretically, the efforts of these firms to expand capacity reflect the strategic rivalry between firms in the global marketplace in order to compete effectively.4.3.3 Telecoms FDI, Technology and Knowledge TransferForeign investment in Nigerias telecommunications sector has introduced new technology, research projects and initiatives which have brought significant revenue and an employment boost to Nigeria. So far, most Nigerian mobile operators, such as MTN, Zain and Glo (second national carrier), have undergone a technological evolution from 2G to 2.5G and even 3G. avocation Glo expeditiouss entry in 2003, the operat or started operating on a 2.5G network and brought to Nigeria the benefits of value added services Multimedia Messaging Services (MMS), Glo Mobile profits, Glo Mobile Office and Glo Fleet Manager (a vehicle tracking application that gives the subscriber the ability to track and trace equipped vehicles which is an early implementation of an M2M (machine to machine) service). Glo was also the first operator to launch mobile access to the Internet, with other 3G licensees replicating the move soon thereafter. MTN launched an HSDPA enabled 3.5G network in June 2008, while Zain launched its 3G service in early 2009. The introduction of BlackBerry handsets is another step in the transition to next generation services. The BlackBerry was launched in Nigeria by Globacom in 2006, and MTN followed suit in March 2007. The BlackBerry platform is a powerful tool for business people across Nigeria, given the patchy fixed line and Internet penetration in the country. In May 2009, Zain contributed to further popularizing the device by introducing prepaid BlackBerry service. In Nigeria, and at the overall African level, the most immediate wave of innovation will come in the form of connectivity for the growing pools of laptop and smartphone users. In addition, mobile broadband has positive effects on societies through the development of human capital. After analyzing developments in Nigeria, it can be suggested that the rollout of Internet services has positive effects on three broad aspects of the society development, resource management and networking. Telecommunication services improve social transformation in Nigeria by bringing connectivity to impertinent areas and to disgrace income strata. In less than a decade, mobile technologies have enabled network access for a large share of the countrys population, with respect to the ability of these technologies to reach remote and sparsely populated areas both faster and more cost effectively than fixed infrastructure. The t ransfer of technology to Nigeria has reduced the technology gap between developed nations and Nigeria which is a great step towards development which is an essential determinant of long-term economic growth (NCC, 2010).Subsequently, there has been an increase in the number of technologies and a quality improvement of Nigerias existing technologies which both play a crucial role in economic growth.Transmission of this new ideas and technologies, word sense of high technology products from more advanced economies through FDI, are bring through which technological diffusion can spread to the different sectors of the receiver economy (Toulaboe et al. 2007).ConclusionThis chapter has analysed the various determinants of telecoms FDI in Nigeria and the impact of telecoms FDI on Nigerias economic growth.The determinants are liberalisation of the telecom sector, market size and growth, regime type and institutional environment. Factors such as low transaction costs, political perceptual constancy and trade openness are cannot be said to be determinants of FDI in Nigerias telecom sector as operators still face a circuit of challenges in the cost of setting up and maintaining their companys operations in Nigeria such as poor power supply and security, high import duties on telecoms equipments (30-70%). Though international trade in services is on the rise, the fact remains that many services such as telecommunications are non-tradable or costly to trade. And for the telecoms sector whose products to a large extent cannot be subjected to cross-border trade, the trade openness of a host country can be expected to have less of an impact on FDI inflows in that sector.This section further discussed that FDI in the telecoms sector has contributed to economic growth through the generation of employment, infrastructure development and technology/knowledge transfer. The next chapter discusses the findings and concludes the research work.

Eco tourism in India

Eco tourism in IndiaEcotourism may be described as Environment in ally responsible travel and ruin to relatively undisturbed rude(a) areas, in order to enjoy, study and apprise nature and any accompanying cultural features that promote conservation, have a negative visitation impact and provide for substantial beneficial industrious socioeconomic involvement of local populations.In general, ecotourism is an insightful, mindful and participatory travel go out to intrinsic and cultural environments, assisting the well-being of the local cultures and environments for future generations. At the same(p) time ecotourism produces viable economic opportunities for the host areas. Originally, ecotourism was defined as purely nature based, forgetting the impact tourism had on the local villages and culture. However, it quickly became apparent(a) that trying to create a new type of tourism, which only cerebrate on wildlife and the environment, while excluding the local villages, sim ply did not work.T hose countries that twisty the local communities in the ecotourism decision-making process had a much higher achiever rate in implementing profitable ecotourism. Consequently, most recent definitions of ecotourism now entangle a more synergistic approach, including the tourist, local villages and environment. People form the valet de chambre are finding pleasure in going back to natural products and tastes as opposed to the artificial and the synthetic. Be it in food, fashion and intragroup decoration. It goes for the Nature tourism or Eco Tourism overly. Whether it is the eco tourism drive launched by the green state of Kerala or promotion of Heritage Hotels by Rajasthan, all of these initiatives indicate toward the growing popularity for eco tourism in India.There are true guidelines ecotour operators and nature guides go by to develop and maintain a sustainable ecotourism business.Provide money and other tangible support for developing park services and managing natural resources. Support indigenous people/businesses by acquire local goods and servicesLink commercial tourism to local conservation programs.Develop sustainable tourist facilities that minimize environmental damage.Promote ecologic research and rescue programs.Arrange and promote meaningful contact surrounded by tourists and local people.GUIDELINES FOR ECO-TOURISTS/TREKKERS.Stay on trails- Dont wander into the brush the trails are at that place for a reason. Leaving the pathway, you might unknowingly disturb wildlife habitat, or threaten or threatened plant communities.Reduce, reuse and recycle- The same subject that works at home, work and school works when youre in natural areas. Think of ways you can cut down on waste. For example, kind of of taking all those plastic forks and paper plates when you go camping or picnicking, use items that you can wash and reuse.Put waste where it belongs in a trash can- you dont have much waste left, but what you do have shou ld go in a trash can. Wherever theres also a recyclables can, use it. And dont leave food out for animals, like raccoons, to eat. hornswoggle about the flora and fauna of the area youre visiting- Your knowledge go forth lead to a greater appreciation and respect for what WILDLIFE PARKS hold. teaching about the world around us is fun, and it can be as easy as taking along a field guide. dedicate plants, animals, rocks, logs, etc. alone- That flower may be the most comical youve ever seen, and that little critter may look really cute, but theyre not there for you to pick or to pet. Youre in their home. Wild animals are wild, and they consider their space. Give animals plenty of room when viewing them.Try to visit place in their off season, when possible- Youll not only avoid the crowds on your visit youll make the in-season crowds in the natural areas that much smaller, reducing negative impact.Support parks, forests and preserves- As a visitor, your entrance fee helps invent to maintain and improve the area. But you also can become a park member or join the many Friends Of groups.Be a good example for others spread the word about responsible ecotourism- When your family, friends and neighbors come across about your trips to natural areas, they might want to go, too. Point them to areas of special worry to you, and be sure to tell them these great tips

Aspergers Syndrome and Autism Stereotypes and life

Aspergers Syndrome and Autism Stereotypes and smellAccording to the Center for Disease Control, Autism (or a closely tie in disorder such(prenominal) as Aspergers Syndrome) affects 1 in 150 children in the United States. (Over positioning Autism, DD, NCBDDD, CDC) The first thing that you think of when you percolate of Aspergers Syndrome or Autism atomic number 18 the age old stumps that one with Aspergers Syndrome or Autism ar labeled with, such as that they enkindlet feel emotions, they lack empathy, and virtu eachy of all they are all like the guy from Rain Man. What round the authoritative nerve of having Aspergers Syndrome/Autism. intimately of all, living with Aspergers Syndrome or Autism whitethorn come as a struggle, save with the right support anything is possible.Even though this is the twenty-first hundred a lot of the great unwashed still label people on the autistic Spectrum with the age old stereotypes, but not all several(prenominal)s on the spectru m abide by those stereotypesThe fact that exclusiveistics on the autism spectrum take a leak no emotion is not true. The emotion is in that location but the individual might produce a hard time expressing those emotions, or the way the emotion is triggered is antithetic be exercise everyone elses. The myth about individuals on the spectrum not having a maven of humor is false. The individual on the spectrum might find different to be funny such as satire. It said that at that place is no substance for improvement for those on the spectrum, and that is false. If the individual is given the right support and a positive environment, they leave behind be able to improve. The age old stereotype in spite of appearance the autism spectrum is that they are all good at math, music or science, but that is a hit and miss situation. Sometimes an individual is rugged at math but good at other things such as recognizing faces. (Carley 19-21)According to Reitman, Most stereotypes of individuals with autism are that they are odd, aloof, strange, or loners. Those who are labeled with Aspergers tend to be thought of as nerds or brains but as people who lack basic social graces, lack manners, and do not withstand friends. Those characterizations are rarely the truth though and those with these labels often struggle to free themselves of them. (Reitman) What Reitman means when an individual on the spectrum is labeled with these stereotypes it is a challenge for them to prove their community and the human wrong, and that they can achieve anything that they adjust their mind to.From Frys in the flesh(predicate) stand point, People on the spectrum tend to be labeled as geeky nerdy people with no social skills, lack of empathy, sometimes as someone with a mental health issue sort of than neurological condition, and as someone who may be learning disabled. (Fry) non all people on the spectrum can calculate dates and generate calendars in their heads like Rain Man can. Only those with a form of enlightened Syndrome have those kinds of abilities. According to Jackson, be talented at math is every a hit or missI am no genius in this area but a lot of AS kids are. It seems to be one thing that you either excel at or you dont. A lot of kids with AS love Latin, German, and definitely information engine room (IT). There may be some subjects which are better conform to to an AS persons brain but, generally speaking, we are not clones and have our knowledge strengths and weaknesses. Despite the film Rain Man, we dont all have these amazing numerical skills. (Jackson 123)The positives of having Aspergers Syndrome or Autism are, having an extraordinary memory and being honest. Lisa Rudy from About.com has listed the top 10 alarming traits of Autistic people, and just to name a few of them Autistics rarely assess other people, they are less materialistic, play fewer head games, and they have fewer hidden agendas. (Rudy)Pyles statedMany people wit h Aspergers Syndrome tend to have normal or high levels of intelligence, and test in the high IQ ranges. Individuals with Aspergers Syndrome tend to have phenomenal memories, especially for things they are interested in. Most individuals with Aspergers Syndrome tend be very honest and they rarely tell lies. Lies dont forge for them anyways. Also people with Aspergers Syndrome are law-abiding citizens. (Pyles 67-69)So if someone thinks an individual on the spectrum is lying and insist thats true then that are wrong, because people on the Autistic Spectrum dont have a reason to tell lies, because of most the time when they do tell lies they are bad at it and then they feel guilty for lying.Imagine that a person can think about close everything that happened to them in this cause that is true for individuals on the Autistic Spectrum. They can remember almost anything such as assume details, places, chargets and sometimes exact date and time. According to Kanners research on Autism Many of Kanners children had superb rote memory. They were able to remember and mechanically repeat large amounts of information. Some of the children were overt of memorizing and repeating long and unusual words. Others repeated the questions and answers of the Presbyterian Catechism, list of animals, nursery rhymes, a roster of the U.S. presidents, and lullabies in French. (Rodriguez 31)People on the Autistic Spectrum accost with familiar life the best way that they can most of the time a person on the spectrum can lead an almost normal life with a little bit of encourage. For ensample, they would have to learn coping skills to deal with everyday dramas and to make the right decision during tough times, and social skills to help them get along in society. Society isnt made for those on the spectrum, and is very made for a NeuroTypical. NeuroTypical is defined as An informal term employ by the online autism community to denote those whose neurological development and functio n is within the normal range. (A World Apart Definitions) That is no excuse though for a person on the spectrum to give up on society and red-hot a stereotypical life.For those living on the spectrum, it is hard to pick up on social cues or figure out what is the right bearing for each social situation. Today, in that respect are therapies and other resources out on that point such as, speech therapy, occupational therapy and social skills training. There are even specialists trained in working with people on the Autistic Spectrum. For congresswomanReitman works with individuals as young as 18 months and on into maturity as well. With the younger individuals, Reitman addresses communication and social skills deficits through role-play, creation of rules and discussions of difficulties being encountered. For adolescents and adults, the struggles with miscommunication are frequent ones, as is the managing of ever-shifting priorities and responsibilities. Organization, self-este em, initiation, and inattention are common issues that are addressed in therapy. (Reitman)Even though there are all these therapies and other resources out there, but not all of them is for every individual. I believe that there is no one treatment that works for everyone and that each individual is unique. The work we do is collaborative and aimed at helping the person to develop self-awareness, empathy, and perspective-taking skills. (Reitman)Then there is the view of the individual on the spectrum and how they view their everyday life. Fry takes it as it comes when it comes to life, he tries to build a net of friends and family who are autistic aware, tries to avoid situations were would not feel comfortable for example social events or places where there would be too more sensational inputs and he takes time out to refocus. (Fry)What do receptive inputs mean? arre beat inputs are actually sensory issues. As worded by Zaks, sensory issues may be thought of as difficulties int eracting or dealing with the environment represent by the way the autistic brain handles sensory information. (Zaks 7) just now what sensory issues do those on the spectrum deal with in everyday life though? The sensory issues that an individual on the spectrum deals with on the day-to-day basis varies at times sometimes it is either noises such as, loud music, scratching the glass board, or the vacuum cleaner. Then there are also smells and lights.If an individual is in an area where the sound is getting to them to the point where it gets too much for them, Zaks saidThe most obvious answer is to get away from the noise. But that is not always possible. Sometimes down out the din. Other chose to die ear plugs. If an intolerable noise suddenly occurs, an autistic person may need to bolt from the scene until heartbeats are taken to reduce or eliminate the source of distress. (Zaks 16)Sometimes individuals can be sensitive to smells. From personal experiences this all known too we ll. Some smells can make an individual psychical ill and sometimes sick, smells such as, a stinky diaper, arduous perfume, and canned salmon. There are also other smells that would irritate almost anyone regardless of being on the spectrum or not, but it irritate and bothers those on the spectrum even more than it does to those that are not on the spectrum. Zaks suggests, If scents are requisite and make you sick, try wearing a special filtration mask such as those used by cyclists to eliminate car fume smells when they jaw in traffic. (Zaks 12)Often times, people on the spectrum are sensitive to light. Lights that do not cause other people stress can sting or hurt the eyes of a person on the spectrum, and cause them severe headaches or induce nausea. Some individuals cant tolerate the flashing lights of the television or movies. Even though their vision may measure within the normal range at the eye doctors, yet they will still have a problem with painful eyes. (Zaks 13) Howeve r there are some suggestions though, the individual could get transitions lenses if they need prescription glasses, or wear lightly tented sun glasses if they do not need prescription glasses.Even though the first thing you think of when you hear of Aspergers Syndrome or Autism are the age old stereotypes. There still positive sides of being on the spectrum. While growing up with having Aspergers syndrome or Autism may be rough, but there is better help out there and more information then there was years ago. Years ago, the Autistic Spectrum was just being researched on and not much was known about it, but today there is more information out there for individuals on the spectrum to find and better oneself and become a more profitable citizen of society. Instead of being a living stereotype like the world wants them to be.

Americas Culture Essays -- Cultural Society Multiculturalism Essays

Americas Culture America is cultural diversity. It is not foundation to mavin race or one culture. The building of American business relationship was done through Irish, Black, Japanese, Korean, and many other cultures combined. The people of these various backgrounds came in concert for a common cause. To attempt create the fiat that they believed was better than on that point original origins way of life. Many of these founders undertook great hardships and several(prenominal) even death to create something that some people many times overlook or take for granted. If you look at our American society as a whole, you will notice that many Americans share certain(p) beliefs and even customs in common. From the objects in our houses to the food we eat and the apparel they wear. Being American has become more than than just a arrange of birth on a passport. America is a way of life. It is a culture all of its own. Some may argue that America is solely the place where you can live freely and safely, but not a true culture or origin because some believe that ones true culture is the culture of the society that grandparents of years sometime(prenominal) had before migrating to the United States. But, I see America as more than just that. I am proud of my familys heritage and what traditions we do continue, but I believe that my family has become greatly assimilated to the Mainstream Culture of America. I define Mainstream Culture as the American way of life, The standards and traditions that society has unquestionable on how Americans should live. I do not see this as a negative happening. It is an inevitable idea that happens to every immigrant family that has been newly introduced to the United States. Immigrants do not forget their ethic culture, they simply adapt. Bhararti Mukherjee... ...nd something that has become respected though out the world. There is a sense of pride that comes along with proverb that you come from such a great country. Lets intrust that this great culture that exists in this great country never stop being taught. Bibliography Bray, Thomas. Memorial Day and Multiculturalism. Detroit News 24 May 1998. 16 pars. 15 September 2000 . Kitchens, Marshall Discussion Board. Oakland University 2000. Http//www.oakland.edu/kitchens Mukherjee, Bhararti. Two Ways to choke in America. BorderTexts pagan Readings for Contemporary Writers. Ed. Randall Bass. Boston Houghton-Mifflin, 1999. 116-119. Takaki, Ronald. A Different Mirror. BorderTexts Cultural Readings for Contemporary Writers. Ed. Randall Bass. Boston Houghton-Mifflin, 1999. 589-596.

Technology Needs in the Special Education Secondary Classroom Essay

In secondary school settings the theatrical role of engineering science within the special schooling classroom is lacking. Special didactics class rooms and vision settings utilize only the basic, out of consider technology that has been in use for many years. Typically the only ready(prenominal) technology made available to special pedagogics or resource settings are the overhead projector, television, and tape recorder. According to the National Longitudinal diversity Study-2 (2009), seventy-five percent of students with disabilities rarely or never use computers. universal education classes are more frequently equipped with current technology items such as smart batting orders, iPads, computers, projectors, write pads, and smart pens. Special education students, like their non-disabled peers, are skill 21st Century skills in the ordinary education setting using 21st Century technology. Special education students needing remediation or small group instruction are hindered by the lack of available technological devices. According to King-Sears, Mainzer, and Swanson (2011) technology can be universally beneficial for all students as a vehicle for savant engagement or conveyance of instructional content, and it can promote participation, learning, and death penalty by students with disabilities. Students with disabilities who used computer-based instruction made improvements using technology that matched their learning needs, (King-Sears, Mainzer, and Swanson, 2011). Many students with disabilities have problems with mobility and use of their arms and hands. In classrooms where technology is old it is impossible for these students to obtain educational success. Other students with emotional or kind disabilities find it hard to convey... ...cation Technology, 24(1), 1-13.Demski, J. (2008). And access for all. T.H.E. daybook, December 2008, 30-35.Frank, F.X., & Xin, J.F. (2011). Using the smart board in teaching socia l stories to students with autism. Teaching Exceptional Children, 43, 18-24. Haywood, K., Johnson, L.F., Levine, A., & Smith, R.S. (2010). Key appear technologies for Elementary and secondary education. Education Digest, 76(1), 36-40.LaFee, S. (2010). Taking the i21 initiative. Education Digest, November 2010, 47-51. King-Sears, M. E., Mainzer, L., & Swanson C. (2011). Technology and literacy for adolescents with disabilities. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 54(8), 569-578.Okolo, C., & Smith, S. J. (2010). Response to intervention and evidence-based practices where does technology fit? larn Disability Quarterly, 33(4), 257-272.

panama canal :: essays research papers

The skimmer distribution channel is one of the greatest works of engineering and fresh achievements of mankind. An all-water passage through the continental divide of the Panama region had been suggested since wee Spanish colonial times of the 16th century. The reality of a render through the Isthmus of PanamIn the 16th century, Europeans dreamed of building a ship canal across the Isthmus of Panama. Spanish kings considered building a canal to carry treasure from their South the Statesn colonies back to Spain, solely no attempt was thin-skinnede. Such a project only became practical in the 19th century, wPart of Teddy Roosevelts dream of making America a global power was realized through the construction of the Panama Canal. The French began construction in 1880 but nine years and more or less 20,000 lives later they realized their plans were flawed and abandoned the project. Panama declared independencThe bill of the Panama Canal goes back to the 16th century. After realiz ing the riches of Peru, Ecuador, and Asia, and realizing how foresightful it took the gold to reach the ports of Spain, someone suggested to Charles V, that by cutting out a piece of land somewhere in Panama, The year is 1835, and an announcement is mad eby a group of American busnessmen. This announcement is of their intention to build a canal system on the ithsmus of landformerly k nown as Norhtern Calumbia. That land is now known as Panama. The citizens of the U.S. at that time were iPanama Canal is a waterway that cuts across the Isthmus of Panama and links theAtlantic Ocean and the peaceable Ocean. It ranks as one of the greatest engineeringachievements in the world. Thousands of laborers worked on it for about 10 years, usingsteam shovels and dredgesIs it in reality expense building a canal in Nicaragua? With news of Nicaragua adopting the idea of a dry canal the first question that should come to mind is, is it really worth building a canal in Nicaragua? Many batch look a t Panama with its enviable economy and say that Nicaragua unavoidably a canal but thThe canal is joining the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

Middlemarch Essay -- Literary Analysis, Elliot

Middlemarch, a Victorian novel written by George Elliot, depicts a realistic view of a conventional society in the eighteenth century. Middlemarch, the town in England where the setting of the novel takes place, embodies many provincial characters who are affected by the social world where they live and interact with individually former(a). The novel focuses on many of the characters and their relationships as part of a unhurt in a human social web. Among the many characters, the main ones allow Dorothea Brooke, a beautiful, good, and caring upstart woman, but very nave and expansive Edward Casaubon, a boring old scholar who marries Dorothea Rosamond Vincy, a gorgeous young woman, but very egoistic and self-centered Tertius Lydgate, a brilliant and great(p) physician who marries Rosamond Will Ladislaw, a passionate young artist who move in love with Dorothea and later marries her after Mr. Casaubons death Fred Vincy, a good-natured young man who is often in debt and Mary Gart h, a plain woman, but very kind and sensible. Elliot focuses heavily on the realities of spousal relationship and the incompatibility surrounded by a couple based on exalted notions about each other and matrimony in general. Idealism leads to the misfortune of the conglutinations between Dorothea Brooke and Edward Casaubon and Tertius Lydgate and Rosamond Vincy. The downfall of these two unions stands in stark contrast with the sum between Fred Vincy and Mary Garth. Fred and Mary do not have terrific notions about each other and are realistic in their opinion and approach to marriage which is the reason for their success and mutual happiness. Dorotheas entropy marriage is also a success because she does not base her thinking and happiness on ideal beliefs.In the beginning of ... ...rd and the union between Tertius and Rosamond. The marriages between these couples are failures because they are blind to the faults of their spouses. It is only after marriage that these char acters realize the mistakes that they made. The ideal visions are crushed by the depressing reality. They cannot persist in to idealize when they learn and see the truth. The marriage between Fred and Mary and the marriage between Dorothea and Will are successful because they are free from the ideals that hide the truth and cause unhappiness. These couples did not hold high expectations for each other or for their marriages. They saw and accepted reality as it was and humbled themselves. The idealism in the novel only led to the downfall and unhappiness of the characters in their marriages. The successful marriages on the other hand were free from high expectations and ideals.

Will Our State Fish Survive? :: essays research papers fc

Will Our res publica Fish Survive?The Rio Grande boisterous trout, the conjure fish of impertinently Mexico, is a threatened species that needs more attention from the citizens and politicians of New Mexico if we want to run through it survive and flourish in its natural environment. The Rio Grande unmerciful was fixed on the U.S. Government Federal list of threatened species in 1973, but was neer listed on the endangered species list (American Fisheries Society 1988). Maybe it should be placed on the Federal Endangered Species list, since it only inhabits less than ten portion of its native range and can only survive well in headwater streams that do not contain any other fish species (Neary 1999). environmental groups are filing lawsuits against the federal and state government to get the cutthroat on the Federal Endangered Species List. The state government refuses to put it on because they feel that the problems with population, hybridization, and diminishing habitat ca n be solved without displace it on the endangered species list. If the government decided to put the cutthroat on the endangered species list, they would be forced to create a recovery proposal and designate a critical habitat (Neary 1999). The government is reluctant since it allow for cost them a huge amount of money, time, and labor. The government claims they have been pickings steps to preserve the threatened cutthroat, which is indeed true. Yet, the results are not outstanding. If their methods were working, the cutthroat would have been taken off the threatened list years ago. wherefore is it so important to protect this fish? As native New Mexicans, we need to take interest in our state fish and divine service protect it. If this species were to become extinct it would be a tragic loss. Our state fish is in danger of vanishing from the world forever. Doesnt that say something close the way we have treated our resources? The Department of Game and Fish doesnt seem to thi nk so. The extinction of the cutthroat would disrupt the ecosystem because they would no long-life feed on the native plants, flies, and worms. Anytime an animal is taken away from an ecosystem it has effectuate on the surrounding area and the creatures that live within it. For example, if you kill each coyote in the state of New Mexico the population of jackrabbits would climb to a record high because they have no predators.