Modern technology today Essay Example for Free

Modern technology today EssayWith the advent of more modern technology today, and the expansion of corporate markets, commercial transactions between industries grow by the day. As commerce, in its basic sense, pertains to the trading of something of scotch value, be it goods or services, information, and nigh of all, money, it is required of an individual to know how to analyze the economic systems that guide every transaction and endeavor related to commerce.As an empowered individual, my enthusiasm and desire for learn the commerce of man is very strong, at the same time I possess the capability to initiate ideas and activities that help in conceptualizing products or services that whitethorn be traded for value. To further learn the intricacies of the field of commerce, I have decided to take up the Bachelor of Commerce program. I believe I depart be successful in this field.When assessing basic market financial records in newspapers, I easily comprehend economic trends that I often imagine myself as a good financial analyst. Coupled with the fact that I have enough experience in dealing with different kinds of people in economic terms, I know that ill be successful in this field. The rise and fall of economies in every country influence events globally. I was intrigued with this issue that this pushed me to maintain effort in realizing my dream of taking up Commerce as a course.At the micro-level, I am attentive in class, like to distinguish and debate on issues relating to economics and commerce. The pursuit of education is to be encouraged to better understand the world around us and to contribute to its development. In my deliver opinion, I can serve this purpose by learning things related to commerce, and with the qualities I possess, I can provide additional knowledge to the study of commerce.

TV and Film Violence Essay Example for Free

TV and Film Violence EssayDoes the force out in fool aways and on TV lend to force in society? This question has been debated for decades. During that time some 2,500 books and articles have been written on the effects of TV and film violence on clement behavior. In this article were going to summarize some the latest thinking on this survey. The results of one of the most extensive studies ever done on the subject of violence and TV were released in 2003. Researchers followed 329 subjects over 15 years. They found that those who as children were exposed to violent TV shows were much more likely to later be convicted of crime.Researchers said that, Media violence can affect either child from any family, regardless of social class or parenting. Girls who watched more than an average amount of violence tended to throw matters at their husbands. Boys who grew up watching violent TV shows were more likely to be violent with their wives. Researchers concluded in Developmenta l Psychology that, all(prenominal) violent TV show increases a little-bit the likelihood of a child generateing up to behave more aggressively. Well look at more of the research in a moment.Canada was one of the first countries to extensively research this issue. The results of their studies prompted some of their engineers to devise the V-Chip. As you may know, the V-Chip allows parents to lock out TV programing they consider objectionable to their children. Although the concern in Canada was primarily violence (hence the V-chip), in the United States there is also great concern about sexual field probably more than in most other industrialized societies. Hence, the V-chip can be programmed to screen out both violence and sex.Cause-Effect Proof A all the way feat-effect relationship among media violence and violence in society is complicated by the fact that children are typically exposed to umteen stimuli as they grow up, many of which could play a role in later behavio r. For example, during a childs life we cant discount the role of such things as violent telecasting games, the social values of parents and peers, or general living conditions. If you eat something that you have not tried before and immediately get sick, you will probably shine theres a direct relationship between the two.And if at some later date you forget about your first experience and eat the same thing again, and immediately get sick again, you can be fairly sure that whatever you ate makes you sick. No rocket science here, just clear cause and effect. Unfortunately, when it comes to violence in the media, the cause and effect is not as readily apparent. A few decades ago you would see doctors in TV commercials endorsing a cross brand of cigarettes. Many medical doctors smoked. Not today.Today the evidence is clear smoking is the number one cause of preventable heath problems and premature last in the United States. Although for years the cigarette manufacturers suppresse d evidence that linked smoking to health problems, eventually the cause-effect relationship became obvious to anyone who wanted investigate the facts. contradictory the cause and effect in the example of your eating something and immediately getting sick, the effects of cigarette smoking arent immediately apparent.Its only years later that many smokers develop lung cancer, heart problems, emphysema, sexual problems, etc. In the same way-after looking at years of accumulated data-were now recognizing a relationship between violence in the media and social problems. The results of a contract released in March, 2002 that tracked 700 male and female youths over a seventeen-year period showed a definite relationship between TV viewing habits and acts of aggression and crime in the later life.All other possible contributing environmental elements, such as poverty, living in a violent neighborhood, and neglect, were factored out of this study. According to one of the authors of the study , the findings help cement the link between TV and violence. The study is detailed in Science. Violence and TV Ratings Its well known that TV violence holds an attraction for most viewers and this attraction translates into ratings and profits. Because of this, most media executives have been reluctant to admit that media violence is in any way responsible for violence in our society.If it werent for the ratings and profits involved, producers would undoubtedly be much more willing to acknowledge the harm in TV and film violence and do something about it. After many high school students died in a shooting rampage at Columbine High inform in Littleton, Colorado in April, 1999, many people were quick to blame the media. Violent video games and a well-known film were seen as contributing factors. blush so, a clear cause and effect is hard to establish. For example, millions of young people were exposed to both of these influences throughout their lives without going on a murderous r ampage. simply when you add extreme anger, easy access to guns, and an indifferent and amoral attitude toward the lives of others, the results can be very different. In 1992, TV Guide commissioned a study of a typical 18-hour TV broadcast day to determine levels of violence. The networks and the more popular cable channels were monitored for purposeful, overt, deliberate behavior involving physical force or weapons against other individuals. There were 1,846 acts of violence that broke down this way.

Reception of Video Art in Galleries

Reception of television system art in GalleriesCritically examine the caprice that the receipt of television receiver prowess is strongly affected by being pay heedn in an cheat picture drift situationIntroduction movie contrivance began as an avant-garde movement that challenged the very nature of stratagem in the 1960s and 1970s with the likes of Nam June Paik, Bruce Nauman and Stu blind Marshall. These artists created powerful pieces in response to the mainstream explosion of cinema and television, and as a challenge to the tralatitiousistic artistic forms of painting and sculpture. The artists helped to bring art closer to the general public and relieved artists of the need to create specific objects. However, as technology has grown and picture show art has become more popular, it has moved from the fringes of art to the mainstream saddle horse of the art gallery.1 Before this the art gallery was a place for traditional forms of art such as painting and sculptu re. One of the well-nigh interesting topics of discussion regarding scene art is how this move into art galleries has changed the response to idiot box art. It is argued that the reception of video art is strongly affected by being seen in an art gallery situation. The aim of this essay is to critically examine this claim, and see how the setting of video art affects the perception of such art. This will be done by aspect at how setting mildews artistic reception, looking at the reception of video art in gallery settings and other settings, and likewise how the medium of video art itself can influence the gallery cognise.Influence of setting on artThere are a number of studies and theories regarding the influence of setting on art and artistic reception in various mediums. It is clear that in spite of appearance video art the addition of a gallery setting would change the nature of the art itself. The earliest forms of video art were all on undivided screens outside of the art gallery setting, and the works were very much of a triggericular moment in time and had a fairly short life history as artistic pieces.2 However, as video art moved into a gallery setting it merged with other forms of art to create the video installation. This meant the video art was promptly based in an environment embedded in a particular time and space. This gave a physical aspect to vide art that had non previously been seen, and has had a major influence on the genre. Installation art is now one of the most common forms of video art, particularly in a gallery setting as it allows video artists to experiment in more ways than ever before. 3This has meant that video art has merged into other genres, and become part of a larger multi-media, multi-form type of art rather than being a type of visual art on its own. The nature of galleries means that purely video art is being replaced with installation art as it has a more physical presence than traditional video art tha t was the antithesis of traditional physical art. 4Another mover worth considering is the psychological aspect of reception towards art in a certain setting. Art that is viewed within a gallery setting may salutary be seen as more respectable and valuable than art seen in other settings, exclusively it may also be seen as more traditional and constrained than art outside of a gallery setting. There seems to be little research on this particular point, but the researcher supposes that this sort of dissimilarity in reception could be possible.Another factor with video art is that the setting of the art might determine how the art is created in itself. Video artists see their projects around as their children, and therefore want it shown in a particular way as it was intended. If a video art piece was intended to be spontaneous and viewed in a casual setting, then a gallery viewing of such a piece may limit its effectiveness, or redden possibly change its meaning altogether.5The reception of video art in a gallery settingVideo art in a gallery setting is often received differently to how it might be received in a non-gallery setting. Video art in a gallery and video art in another setting may be the separation between what is known as art and what is simply known as media or television. The move of video art into the gallery setting has supported its claim to be a mainstream art form. This validation of video art, merely by being seen in an art gallery setting has moved it away from the medium of television and towards the concept of philosophical aesthetics. This is a major shift in the reception of video art from simply a popular culture medium to a valid and critical artistic medium.6Another way to look at it is that perhaps the reception of video art is not changed within a gallery setting, but that the actual form of the video art is in fact changed within the gallery setting. Rather than being video art in the form of tape, video art in a gallery sett ing is either in the form of a live video surgical procedure or as an art installation combined with other physical forms of art such as architecture, sculpture, or other interactive multi-media forms. The only way to really determine this is by viewing art exhibitions in both a gallery and non-gallery setting to see if the reception has indeed changed. However, at this point there is very little research on this area as most art pieces are created for one specific setting rather than multiple settings. Therefore, it seems more likely that in many cases the reception of the art is not influenced by setting, but the creation of the art itself is influenced by the setting it is to be placed in.7The biggest change perhaps is that video art has moved from the single-screen, non site-specific form to the site-specific installation form. In the original single screen form, which is close to the medium of television, then the gallery setting is unlikely to alter the reception of the art p iece. This is because the piece is setting-neutral and will be interpreted individually by each person regardless of setting. However, the form of video art in galleries today is generally installation art, which is site-specific. The art has been created with a specific setting in mind, surrounded by other art forms. In this case the reception of the art would be changed in different settings, but it is unlikely that a site-specific piece would be viewed outside of a gallery or its specific setting.8Influence of video art on the gallery experienceVideo art has been influenced by the gallery setting in its creation more than its specific reception, but video art and other multi-media art has also influenced the gallery experience and changed the way in which art can be perceived. The placement of video art and other multi-media art forms within galleries has challenged the nature of what art is and has changed the nature of a gallery. Before this, art in galleries was limited to pai ntings and sculptures, and therefore the definition of art was concerned with things that hung on walls or sat on pedestals. Video art added a completely unsanded element to the gallery space and changed the gallery experience itself. The previous empty space in the gallery was now utilized as a part of the artistic framework rather than merely somewhere to display objects. The empty gallery becomes a place for performance and ideas in itself, and space became just as important as the objects within the gallery.9Art shifted from the premise of art as object to one of art as idea and action. This not only changed the way in which galleries were seen, but also changed the nature of video art by putting it firmly in the realm of acceptable art rather than merely a part of popular culture. It helped to separate video art from the medium of television, drawing a clear-cut line between the two. It also helped video art to merge into other art forms, and for other forms of art to embrace the influence of video.10Furthermore, the acceptance of video art influence the gallery experience by letting other newer formats over the last few years to infiltrate the once sacred gallery space. data processor visuals, Internet exhibits and even live musical and dramatic performance are now part of the gallery experience in many places something that would have been almost unheard of 30 or 40 years ago.11Finally, the acceptance of video art in a gallery setting has influenced the way in which new galleries are designed and laid out. Rather than simply having traditional spaces for paintings and sculptures, new gallery designs incorporate larger areas for performance, installation art and other multi-media art forms. The influence of video art on the gallery experience is perhaps just as strong as the influence of the gallery setting on video art.12ConclusionThe notion that the reception of video art is strongly influenced by the gallery setting is somewhat misleading. Whilst there is clear evidence that the genre of video art has been massively influenced by the gallery reception, this is more to do with the creation of art rather than its reception. Of course, its reception in terms of its acceptance and standing within the artistic community and amongst the general public has been heightened by its introduction into the gallery setting. However, the major change has been in the move from site-neutral, single screen video art to larger, multi-media installations that incorporate video art and are often site-specific within the gallery setting.Conversely, video art has a significant effect on the gallery experience. It has changed the nature of what constitutes art and what a gallery should look like, as well as pave the way for other newer forms of art to be accepted within the gallery setting. Over the last thirty or forty years, the acceptance of video art into the gallery setting has changed both the way in which video art is commonly created, as we ll as change the way the gallery setting as a whole is viewed and used.BibliographyBalagopal, R., 2005. Installation Art. (Online). Available at http//infopedia.nlb.gov.sg/ look for/articles/PFInstallationArt.pdf (Accessed 11th August 2008).Bruce, B.C., 2000. The Work of Art in the Age of Digital Reproduction. Journal of Adolescent Adult Literacy, 44(1), p. 66.Carter, C.L., 1979. Aesthetics, Video Art and Television. Leonardo, 12(4), pp. 289-293.Elwes, C., Neshat, S., and University of the Arts London., 2005. Video Art A Guided Tour. London I.B. Tauris.Hanhardt, J.G., Villasenor, M.C., 1995. Video/Media Culture of the Late Twentieth Century. Art Journal, 54(4), pp. 20-25.Lisus, N.A., and Ericson, R.V., 1999. Authorizing Art The Effect of Multimedia Formats on the Museum Experience. The Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, 36(2), p. 199+.London, B., 1996. Video Spaces. Performing Arts Journal, 18(3), pp. 14-19.Lovejoy, M., 2004. Digital Currents Art in the Electronic Age. New York Routledge.McCarthy, K.F., and Ondaatje, E.H., 2002. From Celluloid to Cyberspace The Media Arts and the Changing Arts World. Santa Monica, CA Rand.Millard, R., 2005. Notebook get Video Art Is Not at All Simple. Artists Sell to Who They like, and Dictate How the Work Is Shown. New Statesman, 134(4730), p. 41.Phelan, A., 1984. The Impact of Technology and Post Modern Art on Studio Art Education. Art Education, 37(2), pp. 30-36.Suderburg, E., 2000. Space, Site, Intervention Situating Installation Art. Minneapolis University of Minnesota Press.Footnotes1 Elwes, C., Neshat, S., and University of the Arts London., 2005, pp. ix-x2 London, B., 1996, p. 14.3 Hanhardt, J.G., Villasenor, M.C., 1995, pp. 20-214 Balagopal, R., 2005.5 Millard, R., 2005.6 Carter, C.L., 1979, p 289.7 Carter, C.L., 1979, p. 2908 Suderburg, E., 2000, pp. 2-149 Phelan, A., 1984, pp. 30-3310 Lovejoy, M., 2004, pp. 101-10311 McCarthy, K.F., and Ondaatje, E.H., 2002, pp. 53-5412 Lisus, N.A., and Ericson, R.V., 1999, pp. 199-201

Matters Of National Interests And Security Politics Essay

Matters Of National Interests And Security Politics EssayIn a very generic sense, theme interests ar that which is deemed by a particular situate to be a . . . desirable goal. The attainment of this goal is roughthing that the identifying state believes will have a positive imp work on itself. Realization of the interest could heighten the political, scotch, certificate, environmental, and/or moral well-being of a populace and the state or topic enterprise to which they belong.2This holds true within the territory of the state, as well as in whatsoever external coincidences that the state whitethorn under strike outside of the administrative control of that state.3Interests serve as the foundation and governive focus for the formulation of indemnity. For a nation-state, there is more often than non a aspire correlation betwixt the nations interests and impertinent policy. In most cases, statesmen think and act in terms of interest.4Those interests believed to be the m ost signifi ejectt for the attainment of a policy objective (the states wants and needs)5will earn the greatest amount of emphasis during the policy formulation process. They should be designed to tell the policymaker why and how much he should c atomic number 18 about an issue. Interests help determine what kind and how much attention should be given to both challenges or threats and opportunities. They as well as assist the policymaker in identifying key issues during the policy formulation process.Some political scientists, like Hans Morgenthau, believe that bailiwick interests are permanent features of the inter subjectist system. Regardless of what disposal is in precedent, the interests of a nation-state remain fixed components of the policymaking process. They are un bear upon by the circumstances of time and place.6Morgenthau, himself, indicates that the key conception of interest is not to be defined with a meaning that is fixed once and for all.7Morgenthau believed t he generic concept of interest was unchanging in terms of its greatness to the planetary system. But this did not mean that individual interests could not be ad mediocreed or newly make outd in order to take into account changes in the foreign system. other(a) theorists have argued that interests are likely to be a diverse, pluralistic set of subjective preferences that change periodically, both in response to the domesticated political process itself and in response to shifts in the international environment. The national interest therefore is more likely to be what the policymakers say it is at any particular time.8The underlying three basic interests are-Security Protection of the nation (both home and abroad), territory, and institutions of the State a agnisest potential foreign dangers.9This has always included defence force of the homeland. Domestically, it to a fault includes treasureion of critical infrastructure such as energy, banking and finance, telecommunication s, transportation, water systems, and cyber networks.10 frugal Well-Being Promotion of international handicraft and investment, including protection of a States mysterious sparing interests in foreign countries.11Democratic Values Until the 20th century, this core interest was confined to ensuring that the domestic democratic process and associated values framed the traditional tenets of life, liberty, and the seeking of happiness. Some states may include the promotion of democracy and human rights abroad.12Just as the splitment of national interests is complex, so is the actual application of interests in the policy and outline formulation process. The grandeur of national interests to the process is signifi back tootht, as described by Lord Palmerston, the British foreign minister in 1856 When people ask me . . . for what is called a policy, the only answer is that we mean to do what may seem to be best, upon each occasion as it arises, making the interests of our country o nes guiding principle.13The policy framer participating in the development of interests moldiness take the following issues into account How flexible can the interest of the moment be in relation to the states core interests of the period? Must the interest be based on each realism or morality, or rather can it be some combination of the two? Where does the interest fit in terms of how it is to be categorized with what degree of intensity?Perhaps the most complicating factor that the policy framer must take into account will be the influence of domestic politics on the interest formulation process. The concept that resource allocation by sign and quantity will be preserveed by the identification of the interest designed to guide a policy creates a critical linkage amongst the two. The connection is key because, in a democracy, it is the government of a state actor that will have to sustain the investment of resources required to attain the interest. Interests with great fidelit y and less ambiguity are easier for governments and populations to support because they have a clearer idea of why it is they are being asked to do something, like allocate funds or military machine forces.14At the same time, such a detailed understanding could lead to a lack of support on the part of either the government, the people, or parts thereof, if the interest is assessed to be too low on the scale of intensity.If they are to develop relevant and executable 21st century interests, a most important understanding for those participating in the interest development process must be that they are endowed with a degree of tractability allowing them to discern the limits of domestic politics in terms of what types of interests are likely to be supportable. This must entail the provision of the maximum amount of data addressable for the development and government issueing identification of the interests at hand. The greater the fidelity and degree of consensus on categorisatio n and level of intensity, the greater the possibility that the public will support actions to protect or advance the interest.DEFINITIONSAt this juncture it would be worthwhile to look at some definitions, to get a complete perspective in to national interests,power and warrantor.National interestsThe national interest, often referred to by the French term raison dtat, is a countrys goals and ambitions whether frugal, military, or cultural. The notion is an important one in international dealing where pursuit of the national interest is the foundation of the realist school. It has 5 major dimensions namely Geo Political, Economic, Military, Socio-cultural, and Science Technology. National Interests therefore stem from the evolving National goals in each of these dimensions and is also a reflection of the relative National Strengths with regard to these dimensions.POWERIn the context of international relations and diplomacy, power (sometimes clarified as international power, nat ional power, or state power) is the ability of one state to influence or control new(prenominal) states. States with this ability are called powers,NATIONAL STRATEGYThe art and apprehension of developing, applying, and coordinating the instruments of national power (diplomatical, frugal, military, and informational) to achieve objectives that contribute to national security measure. Also called national strategy or grand strategy.NATIONAL SECURITY1. National security is the requirement to maintain the survival of the nation-state through the use of economic, military and political power and the exercise of diplomacy.2. National security can be defined as a collective term encompassing both national defence and foreign relations.15In general, it is the study of the security problems faced by actors, of the policies and programs by which these problems are addressed, and also of the government processes through which the policies and programs are decided upon and carried out.16It relates both externally and internally to the actor-the foreign and domestic components of national security.3. In the context of USA it is a collective term encompassing both national self-abnegation and foreign relations of the coupled States. Specifically, the condition standd by(a) a military or vindication advantage over any foreign nation or group of nations(b) a favorable foreign relations position or(c) a defense posture capable of successfully resisting hostile or destructive action from within or without, overt or covert.4. National security is thus a multi-dimensional view and response towards protecting National Interests against internal and external threats. It is dynamic and evolving as a derivative of National Interests which in itself is an evolving derivative of National Strength. It Underpins and guarantees the pursuit of National Objectives in a competing international arena. Further any issue that has the potential to directly impact the pursuit of National Goals can be classify as an area of National Interest, and it can thus be brought under the ambit of national security.ECONOMIC POWERModern conflict, from conventional warfare to diplomatic disputes, has increasingly involved economics in some form. Nations use economic tools to stick with objectives, seek economic resources as national goals, or are affected by economic levelts that influence their national security. Both state and non-state actors use economic power to wage war and to influence events regionally or globally. Economic considerations range from simple access to resources like water or rude(prenominal) materials through transforming resources into undone products or services to providing monetary resources. The ability to gather, transform, and use resources is a key component to national security. Many human activities, including those involving national security, can be either severely limited or dramatically enhanced by economic factors. Military operations and other national security actions frequently depend on the results of economic capability. Without the capacity to put out, finance, or support key national security activities, a nation would have a limited ability to protect its domestic and international interests.Economic power has deal out widely and gained importance in recent years. Globalisation, the reliance on economics, and the diffusion of economic power from a few industrial states to many developing ones has radically changed the existence. Global economic success has also conferred power on a large group of sovereign governments and even corporations. The threat or actual action by a government, organization, or cartel can create enormous economic impact. Markets are extremely sensitive to news that would affect potential fiscal or economic activity. Oil prices can rise rapidly if tensions increase in the Persian Gulf or if a natural disaster occurs. Single events with little self-evident international signific ance could ignite a sell off by investors in overseas and domestic stock market places. Global communications can spread panic and exacerbate the condition.The changing environment has altered the emphasis on national elements of power so that military power is not necessarily the elemental coercive tool in international relations, and economic power has gained increase importance17. During the age of total war that spanned World Wars I and II, military power was the coin of the realm in foreign affairs. Economic power played a role in those wars, but the fight for national survival overrode the impact of domestic and international macroeconomic stability or growth. political saving served primarily as a provider of resources to the military element of power. In an era of increased consumer demand, technological growth, changes in society, and the evolving nature of conflict, the importance of economic considerations rose. During the Cold War, national survival was still at stake , but even thence economic considerations became just as important as nuclear parity with the Soviet Union. President Dwight D. Eisenhower warned of military expenditures impeding future economic growth the net result of which would set down security for the nation. Nuclear sufficiency became acceptable rather than superiority with the associated costly numbers of intercontinental ballistic missiles, strategic bombers, and submarines. Guns versus butter questions also arose as the challenges of an unacknowledged Cold War against Moscow pitted social oversteping against defence resources.Today, economic issues play a pivotal role in conflict. Advanced technology, contractors on the battlefield, volunteer militaries (that tend to be more expensive than conscript armies), reconstruction of battle ravaged nations, and other considerations make war and conflict expensive. Countries do not have inexhaustible resources to conduct long wars even if there is a direct and desperate threat to national survival. Questions of national treasury, consumer demand, labour constraints, finance, and other economic considerations can sway public sentiment against a conflict. If one nation wages war or takes other actions to isolate another state, investors around the world become nervous. Stock and commodity markets could affect financial conditions and create unforeseen reactions. These reactions may create adverse conditions that could force a change in strategy by the nation trying to influence a rivals behavior18.As economic issues affect national security capabilities and activities, so might efforts that involve national security create global economic impacts. War or political amputateion in an inunct producing region will initiate tremors in the international energy sector. Although a nation might not be directly affected by the initial problem, the populace can suffer from increased prices from rock oil products that could result in greater unemployment, inflation, credit issues, and foreign exchange problems. Demands for added military expenditures could translate to increased taxes that discourage consumer spending and byplay investment or reductions in other governmental activities that can directly shape the economic landscape. Competition for limited resources to meet national security policy objectives could also hamper undercover or other governmental activities. Nations can increase borrowing, raise taxes, spend surpluses, confiscate resources, or monetize debt. All of these options have unique economic effects on a nation.Economics is an element of national power. Normally, one of a nations key national interests is maintaining a viable economy to ensure a trustworthy standard of living for its citizenry. States can use economic power to deter, compel, coerce, fight, and even rebuild a former opponent to meet a particular need. Economics becomes a critical component of the ends, ways, and means of security. Perhaps uniquely amo ng the traditional elements of national power, economics might be any of the three aspects of strategy-the objective of a nations strategy might be economic economics might provide the means to achieve the end or a nation might pursue its ends using economics as the primary way to exert power. Whether economics is a way or a means to achieve a national interest or if it is a cause or motivation to take an action, national leaders must pay attention to this increasingly significant security factor. economic science AND NATIONAL INTERESTStates and non-state actors have historically fought over economic issues. Wars about unsolved access to resources, trade routes, competition, profit, and other economic issues are habitual in military and diplomatic history. A keen competition for resources among governments, individuals, corporations, and other actors has created a complex web of economic dependencies and rivalries that was not as important in the past. Similarly, economic conditio ns can create an environment that fosters demands for change that could create a civil war, a fight for access to markets or resources, or other forms of economic competition. Countries with weak or failing economies may resort to actions that they might not have considered had their economies been stronger.One specific area which deserves a brief discussion is oil as a cause or objective of war. Reliable access to oil at reasonable rates is a vital national security interest for every developed and many of the more developing nations. Governments or international organizations that control oil production or pricing can in effect disrupt global economic conditions-whether purposefully or accidentally. A monopoly or oligopoly that controls a strategic asset, capability, or raw material has great potential to disrupt economies and create political instability, although few commodities have the same potential impact as oil. Major sensed or actual disruptions in the oil market are seri ous events that easily can trigger hostile responses from concerned governments. Today, oil is the best example of a resource that is both scarce and vital however, other resources like water are also likely sources of conflict. We can expect economic issues-particularly access to raw materials and resources-to remain one of the significant objectives of international relations and causes of conflict.Economic intervention in or withdrawal from the economy of a foreign nation-as opposed to supporting its debt-can have tremendous impact on the financial well being of a region or country. Governments do not usually participate directly in the economy of another nation. However, direct participation in the economy of another nation through private companies is widespread. Depending on the business and political climate of firms home state, such participation may provide some degree of power for that home state19. Regardless of the degree of external governmental control, decisions by pr ivate firms and multinational corporations to invest or do business in a country can influence national policies. Such decisions are independent and can be contrary to a host nations interests. In an age of globalized financial markets, almost any corporation, organization, or individual can transfer capital into a country or take it out. This transfer generally can occur by using national or international stock, bond, commodity markets, or through direct investment into business ventures. Rapid inflow of capital can provide a needed boast to growth while rapid outflow can sink a nation into recession.Governments can use their economic power through other means. For example, rather than lending money by bond gets, they can provide direct support to another nation through a variety of programs that essentially provide money or services. Foreign aid, loan guarantees, technical aid and services, and other assistance can provide a number of flexible tools to support national interests .The transfer of wealth from developed to developing countries that sell raw materials or manufacture low-cost products can create economic problems. Governments worried about the outflow of capital, goods, services, industries, and jobs might erect barriers to restrict or stop trade. Such actions rarely go unchallenged, and a counter tariff barrier or legal challenge is a likely response. Conversely, governments willing to accept what are hopefully interim trade imbalances for potential future benefits may allow the transfer of wealth and even industries and jobs to continue. Such is the political and economic theory behind the whole broad trade movement-the North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) being a visible example. Transfer of key technologies, processes, equipment, or skills can also enable foreign governments and private firms-granting in some cases access to capabilities that would have taken years and many resources to acquire independently.Economic power normally involves the trade of finished goods or raw materials. Few countries can claim to produce all of the goods and services that their citizens use. Many nations require energy imports to subsist. Conversely, nations that may have oil, natural gas, or other energy sources might need food imports or other foreign services like skilled labour. Nations can work within international trade agreements, or they may take unilateral action to expand or restrict trade. A country might try to limit trade to hurt a rival.Economic power could also prevent or limit actions taken by a rival. Suppose a country requires a scarce raw material. If an adversary has sufficient funds, influence, or credit, it could purchase and withhold that raw material from its foe. The nation could also coerce sellers to prevent sale of that raw material to the opponent. States could put pressure indirectly on an opponents allies to force a nation to take certain actions. After the 1973 Yom Kippur War, Arab oil-producing countries refused to sell oil to the United States and other nations that supported Israel. This embargo boosted oil prices and shifted international power from the developed nations to ones that relied primarily on oil extraction. Political and economic power was redistributed when these actions were feature with the nationalization of private, foreign-owned petroleum companies in these oil exporting nations.20THE PRIVATE SECTOR AS A STRATEGIC TOOLAlthough not generally controlled by governments, snub currency manipulations designed to offset them, commercial balance of payments are another form of debt that can have foreign policy implications.Fears of a pending financial disaster could cause lenders to pull capital out of the market and further exacerbate the situation. Unfortunately, globalized communications can now spread fears among global investors almost instantaneously. The result is that economic issues that might have been localized events only decades ago can now tur n into global issues. Additionally, since private investors may act contrary to government desires, governmental and even international efforts to stem economic crises may be ineffective. Some nations fear excessive foreign investment due to a perceived influence or concern over precipitous withdrawal others accept the risk and welcome foreign investment as a reasonably in stock(predicate) source of funds. Although some nations find these actions helpful, critics argue that this capability can also be used to stifle competition, protect national interests, or create geopolitical troublemaking.21Foreign funds do provide a needed economic boast, but they can also disappear quickly should confidence fail multinational corporations and firms typically have the resources and ability to get access to once closed markets. Governments might offer subsidies or grant special benefits to attract business to their country. at a time established, the multinational corporation could exert a pow erful influence on the government since its affairs affect the nations economy. Similarly, in highly contested markets, a multinational corporation could offer restricted technologies, move production of key subcomponents, offer bribes, expand production beyond the initial plan, or provide other incentives to gain access to the market. Companies can lobby their home countrys government (assuming it favours the move into the other nations market) for help lifting trade restrictions or access to technology or influencing the host nations foreign policy.In the most basic sense, economic power is an entitys ability to acquire, produce, and use raw materials, goods, and services. A nation cannot engage in conflict over an extend period without an adjustment to its economy. In many cases, countries must devote goods or services to prepare for or fight a war or even to conduct other activities that affect the national interest. Humanitarian aid, defence expenditures, diplomacy, alliance m embership, and other vital actions depend on a countrys ability to raise and spend tax revenues, borrow funds, use surpluses, or finance these measures. Economic power allows players to conduct actions by providing the personnel, equipment, operating materials, infrastructure, and short or long term living of that capabilityGovernments purchase commodities and equipment like a business, obtain labour (military, government civil, and contractor), maintain physical infrastructure, conduct research and development, and in some cases also produce unique goods and services peculiar to national security.Resource decisions mold the creation of force structure to include investments in weapons, recruitment and retention of military and civilian personnel, decisions to fund military or non-military government programs, and a host of other concerns that affect national security policy. Further, economic conditions, once the exclusive concern of financial institutions, investors, and busine sses, now affect military decisions that range from recruitment to government borrowing that directly influences a powers ability to provide military capability. Arms sales, transfers of key military technologies or technologies related to weapons of mass destruction, contracting for goods and services by individuals and firms, and other economic activities can influence the national security environment.Nations that have sufficient resources can upgrade their military forces with more and better capabilities. Military forces that lack personnel or equipment could rely on undertake services or purchase in advance(p) weaponry from other nations. If the state has limited forces, it can change the composition of its military forces by hiring specialized services that would have taken years to develop or that they only need for a limited time. Contractors on the battlefield are not new phenomena. The U.S. Government has used contractors in several wars. Other nations have hired milita ry pilots and aircraft, logistics, and combat forces to expand and enhance their limited capabilities. Today, governments can lease satellite communications, photographic imagery, multi-spectral analysis, and navigational systems that were once the province of superpowers that had exclusive use of space systems. Individuals, firms, and governments can use these functions-for a price. This capability can change a balance of power at critical times during a conflict.Oil profits have allowed the Russian government to finance a larger military budget that has given Moscow the ability to build a new intercontinental ballistic missile, aircraft, and other weapons to revitalize its national security and foreign policies. Other countries, like Iran and Venezuela, also fuel their defense and security programs by oil sales. Nations building advanced technology consumer goods like information systems could use similar technologies to improve their military forces.While national leaders conside r and hold economics as an element of national power, these same leaders are also affected by economic events that may limit their policies options. Economic considerations can have very influential impacts on the conduct of military operations and diplomatic actions. Globalisation has allowed nations to conduct business with allies, former enemies, and potential rivals. New relationships between citizens and governments that highlight cost reductions, profits, and long range business activities can impact national security measures in a host of ways.Current economic conditions also have a large impact on military operations. Inflation contributes to reduced purchasing power by a government. This includes activities from purchasing fuel, paying for contracted work, demands for greater pay for military and civilian workers, and other acquisition activities22. Similarly, a recession-a sustained downturn in economic activities-reduces tax revenues and encourages moves by politicians t o stimulate the economy or support the slothful or struggling citizens. These policies can significantly reduce the amount of defence spending for a nation. However, some of these conditions might provide relief to the government. Unemployment may ease recruitment and retention problems in the military. Increased competition for fewer government contracts might reduce the cost of operations. Tools to fight economic problems may also create unforeseen issues. A central bank could raise or lower interest rates. These actions can affect the availability of investors to purchase government debt and the cost of borrowing for contractors to build the latest fighter aircraft.OTHER ECONOMIC SECURITY CONSIDERATIONSExpanding trade can provide several benefits to nations. It can create better efficiencies in production by seeking the lowest cost, most effective producers. This situation could lead to greater economic growth and improved standards of living around the world. However, not all n ations find an economic niche that allows economic growth. Cheaper outsourced services and imported goods may destroy domestic industries. Large numbers of unemployed workers could create domestic problems for a government. Further, reliance on foreign imports could impoverish the state and complicate its financial and credit situation. If nations rely on foreign goods, then any problem that hinders trade could cause issues globally. A natural disaster, potential conflict, trade dispute, or other problem could restrict the flow of needed products.ECONOMICS AND FUTURE NATIONAL SECURITY ISSUESIn the future, security conflict among nations may change from predominately military contests to ones primarily featuring other elements of national power. That option is also open to non-state a

Information Technology Advantages and Disadvantages

Information Technology Advant seasons and DisadvantagesThe importance of Information TechnologyThe importance of engineering science comes from that Technology has an important carry on on innovation and the development of societies and economies. This impact can be observed in cardinal steps.The first step is substitution, new engine room substitutes for the old. For prototype, consumers start substituting their fixed teleph bingle lines with mobile telephones. The plunk for step is the diffusion, when adopting the new engineering is widely across society beca social occasion it is law cost or better or more answerive than the previous engineering science. The net step is transformation when the new technology ways start working and emerging beca single-valued function the new technology is diff officed so widely in society. For example, the far-flung adoption of the networking has led to interesting innovations in the communication patterns of individuals such as executive s conducting business while waiting in airport lounges or traveling in trains.( DUTTA MIA , 2001)World Economic Forum.ICT crack cocaines more opportunities for economic development and plays very important role in international competitiveness, rapid economic change, and productive capacity of improvements for developing countries. ICTs offer the developing countries many opportunities, as it has done in the developed world, when it created unprecedented possibilities for them. Studies subscribe to emphasized that in that respect is evidence of a rigid linkage amid GDP growth and ICT investment showing the importance of ICT investment for development. According to an OECD research project, which was conducted in the year 2002, there is an impact of ICT on the economy. In addition, in the GDP growth per capita, ICT investment accounted for surrounded by 0.5% and 1.3% (Nodu, 2004).Also, Organizations have incr informalityd their investment in teaching technology IT for planni ng in order to incr expertness the cleverness of their business processes. Support management decision making and improve productivity. So IT become important tool to attaining competitive advantage for the nerve and improves employees productivity and qualification (Kim Lee Law, 2007)Besides, Many researches investigate the comparison between IT investment and incr simmpleness the productivity and the performance in the companies one of these studies (sircar et al, 2000) which make up several presidential term success with the spending on the IT but others were failed. (Agarwal karahanna, 2000) argue in this result that IT investment leave be successful when IT utilized by the organization intended drug holdr in the way contribute to the strategy and the goals of the firms. Thus substance ab characterr bridal is the key for the successes of the IT investment (Darsono, 2005).Also, for more than two decades information technology has been the focus for research worker in information formation this is beca do IT considers as the key to lead the organization for the good performance so many researches focus in the initial work for IT or continuous utilization foe IT (Premkumar Bhattacherjee, 2005).The advantages and disadvantages from adopting information technology(brien maracas, 2008, management information outline, edition 8, chapter 1, p55) the advantages (for strategy advantage).Information technology purports to support the competitive strategy in helping the companies to reduce the costs of the beau monde to give special offer for its products and services and give better c ar about customers and suppliers and to develop unions among the company and the company with the environment around the company and incr console the virtue of its investment in IT resources.By apply the information technology the organization or the companies will be able to develop the value of its business done out making the customer value the focus of it s strategy which is to keep track of its customers p carry onences to fork up its products and services anytime anywhere by using the internet or intranet and extranet(e-commerce websites).A lot of organizations/companies use information technology and internet to reengineering its business process because information technology can make integration for the organization to work for the identical goal of the organization and this improves the design of the work flows or the requirements of the job even the organization structures even improve the efficiency and the aftermathiveness.Information technology provides the communication and the information required for the managers in order to manage the diverse activities within the organization and the resources from the partners to soak up the advantage from the changes in the market environment.Information technology can support the organization competitive strategy by making the organization as the acquaintance creating to make i nnovation by creating its process style or product and service for its work or learning organization by doing similar in what the another companies created by using the internet to get the knowledge that it needs.The disadvantagesSome disadvantages of information technology includeUnemployment While information technology may have streamlined the business process it has also crated job redundancies, downsizing and outsourcing. This means that a lot of lower and middle level jobs have been done out with causing more sight to become unemployed.Privacy Though information technology may have made communication quicker, easier and more convenient, it has also bought on privacy issues. From cell phone signal interceptions to email hacking, people are now worried about their once private information becoming habitual knowledge.Lack of job security Industry experts believe that the internet has made job security a big issue as since technology keeps on changing with each day. This me ans that one has to be in a constant learning mode, if he or she wishes for their job to be secure.Dominant coating While information technology may have made the world a global village, it has also contributed to one culture dominating another weaker one. For example it is now argued that US influences how most young teenagers all over the world now act, dress and behave. Languages too have become overshadowed, with English becoming the unproblematic mode of communication for business and everything else (http//www.smallbusinessbible.org/advan_disadvan_informationtechnology.html 3/4/2009 510am).Lecture reviewBehavior designingAccording to (Davis , 1989 Kiraz Ozdemir, 2006 Hwang Y. Yi, 2002 Phau Gan, 2000)The technology betrothal model tam-o-shanter consists of four main genes as major determinants of technology espousal these factors are discernd quiet of use, Perceived gain, the carriages toward the usage and the frequency of use of technology. That means if people w ant to accept or reject any special(prenominal) technology they should incr slackening users believes that this technology will help them do their work better and this refer to comprehend usefulness and hightail it their believes in that the system is ease of use and the benefit is more than the effort from the use for this technology. In another wards, If the users perceive flaccid of use from that technology and perceive usefulness from the technology for their work purposes .that means, there are Positive attitudes toward the technology usage n have a ordained relation with the behaviour pattern to use the technology.Therefore, (Chang, 2004) was conducted The involve which purposed to explore the validity of the extension of Technology Acceptance lesson (TAM) based on social and facilitating as main factors to predict intranet/portal usage because those factors are most predominate in the educational environment. The check found that there was strong confirmative rel ation among Perceived usefulness, perceive ease of use and users attitudes towards the intranet. And the Attitude has strong relation with the user inclination to use. And the pattern to behave had a strong relation with the veritable usage this conform the positive significant relation in TAM and its constructs are to predicting the user acceptance of the intranet/portal. Even there are relation between recognize and perceive usefulness and sensed ease of use. Even experience is a stronger predictor for comprehend ease of use and comprehend usefulness than age does.So, Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) which created by (Davis Bagozzi Warshaw, 1989 Davis et al., 1989) Studied about important factors affecting in the use of the information technology. the TAM explained how the behavior intention to use the technology riged by one introductory factor to cause the unquestionable use for the new system, therefore the behavior intention to use the technology is the merely o r only determined related to true(a) use for the system, beside that the la judge studies prolonged that the behavior intention to use the technology is the merely intermediate factor. In another words, the TAM explains attitude factors affecting the behavior intention to use with putting the focus on the attitudes as a factor to use the technology (Kiraz Ozdemir, 2006).And in contrast that, the attitude not the only the factor who is affecting on the behavior intention to use but there are another factors can affect the behavior intention to use as in the arena was conducted by (Gong Xu Yu, 2004) which aimed to find out additional determinants factors for the technology acceptance in the education sector. The canvas found that there are direct and indirect significant effect for perceive usefulness on the behavior intention to use the system and this effect is strong on the behavior intention to use more than the effect on the attitudes and the attitude was formed by percei ved usefulness. Beside, that perceived ease of use has effect on perceived usefulness and the attitudes of the users but the effect on the attitudes was not significant this delinquent to the combination of the factors like organization, subjects and the technology or repayable to the users have one month experience and they need to use the system easier and free of effort .and self-efficacy has strong direct effect on intention to use and perceived ease of use but on ease of use more effect than intention to behavior.Another study was conducted to confirm that intention to behavior is determined the literal behavior by (Aversano, 2005) which purposed to explore why some people refuse to use the mobile telephone in USA. The study utilise the theory of Ajzen to give exploration of human behavior to understanding a persons actions in behavior like social attitude and spirit trait it considered as important to explain human behavior. And the study used TPB to confirm that intent ion to behavior is determined the actual behavior. And there are three factors predicting the Intention to behavior are attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavior control as uniform as TRA with focus in the important of the intention to behavior with the adoption for the technology. Even the study used the TAM2 which explains perceived usefulness in terms of cognitive and social influence processes.(Aversano, 2005) was conducted the study which purposed to explore why some people refuse to use the mobile telephone in USA. The study used the theory of Ajzen to give exploration of human behavior to understanding a persons actions in behavior like social attitude and personality trait it considered as important to explain human behavior. And the study used TPB to confirm that intention to behavior is determined the actual behavior. And there are three factors predicting the Intention to behavior are attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavior control as same as TRA with f ocus in the important of the intention to behavior with the adoption for the technology. Even the study used the TAM2 which explains perceived usefulness in terms of cognitive and social influence processes.Moreover, in the latest studies, like the study was conducted by (Hwang Yi, 2002) in the intrinsic motivation and calculating machine self-efficacy research to Technology Acceptance Model in order to predict the use of web-based information systems. The study found that behavioral intention and self-efficacy have a significant effect on actual use. Even perceived enjoyment and self-efficacy were significant determinants of ease of use. Even was found that self-efficacy was a strong determinant for ease of use and actual use. The study support all the relations were purposed in the technology acceptance model. Even the studies (Klloppiing McKiinneyy, 2004 Jones S. Hubona, 2005) support that relation.Also, the study was conducted by (Jones Hubona, 2005) which aimed to determin e the effect of staff seniority, age, and education level on usage behavior. The study support all TAM construction. Even Education level would directly affect actual usage behavior besides effect on perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness. But in contrast, the study was conducted by (Al Mutairi, 2007) which goaled to examine TAM applicability in Kuwait ministries. The study finding did not support the relationship between the variables as were in TAM. In another ward, the study didnt find relation between ease of use and usefulness this in one hand and in the other hand there is no relation between ease of use and usefulness with actual usage. And the study mention that maybe because the differences in the national cultural, public organization context, dependent variables nature.Also, in the study was conducted by (Chismar Patton, 2002) which made among the physicians to examines their intention to adopt Internet-based health applications by using the applicability of the (TAM2). The study found that the strong determinant for intention to use was perceived usefulness. Intention to use by physicians was explained by the cause of usefulness and output tonus. And the relation between perceived usefulness and intention to use was significant, whereas image, subjective norm and perceived ease of use were not significant. And that due to that physicians have high level of adaptability, cognitive capacity and intellectual, they comprehend faster than the normal people for new technologies. And they are willing to adopt information technology that has beneficial applications even if it not easy to use.Attitudes and BelievesAccording to (Davis , 1989 Kiraz Ozdemir, 2006 Hwang Y. Yi, 2002 Phau Gan, 2000)The technology acceptance model TAM consists of four main factors as major determinants of technology acceptance these factors are perceived ease of use, Perceived usefulness, the attitudes toward the usage and the frequency of use of technology. That me ans if people want to accept or reject any specific technology they should set up their attitudes by increase users believes that this technology will help them do their work better and this refer to perceived usefulness and extend their believes in that the system is ease of use and the benefit is more than the effort from the use for this technology. In another wards, If the users perceive easy of use from that technology and perceive usefulness from the technology for their work purposes .that means, there are Positive attitudes toward the technology usage n have a positive relation with the behavior intention to use the technology.Therefore, in order to put spotlight in the important of mediating the attitudes for the relation between the beliefs and the actual usage for the technology (Chang, 2004) conducted The study which purposed to explore the validity of the extension of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) based on social and facilitating as main factors to predict intranet/ portal usage because those factors are most dominant in the educational environment. The found were that there was strong positive relation among Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and users attitudes towards the intranet. And the Attitude has strong relation with the user intention to use. And the intention to behave had a strong relation with the actual usage this conform the positive significant relation in TAM and its constructs are to predicting the user acceptance of the intranet/portal. Even there are relation between experience and perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. Even experience is a stronger predictor for perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness than age does.Also, the study was conducted by (algahtani, 2004) which aimed for more understanding of the acceptance for the technology in different cultures. The study found that there is strong support for the effect of the attitude in the behavior to use the computer and satisfaction. Even though t his was supported in the study was conducted In Malaysia by (Mohd Syed-Mohamad Zaini, 2005) to identify the relation between information fictitious character and the acceptance of doctors for Electronic Medical Record System (EMR) in one of Malaysian hospital. The study found that the information quality has significant relationship with perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use .even the perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use have significant relationship with attitude of using EMR system. Moreover, the user acceptance factor Information Quality has significant relationship with attitude of using EMR system through out easy of use and usefulness.The study conducted by (Gong Xu Yu, 2004) which aimed to identify additional determinants for the technology acceptance in the education sector. The study found that there are direct and indirect significant effect for perceived usefulness on the behavior intention to use the system and this effect is strong on the behavior in tention to use more than the effect on the attitudes and the attitude was formed by perceived usefulness. Beside, that perceived ease of use has effect on perceived usefulness and the attitudes of the users but the effect on the attitudes was not significant this due to the combination of the factors like organization, subjects and the technology or due to the users have one month experience and they need to use the system easier and free of effort .and self-efficacy has strong direct effect on intention to use and perceived ease of use but on ease of use more effect than intention to behavior.In contrast to The study conducted by (Gong Xu Yu, 2004), The study was conducted by (Yang, 2007) which Focus on the time in the affect of perceived usefulness and ease of use on the attitudes, which aimed to study the usage of the technology acceptance model for doing another examination of the relationships between students attitude toward the use of WebCT and the determinants of the actual usage in light of social presence and sociability. the study found that The perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use was supported by self-efficacy, but more strong to the ease of use and both perceived usefulness and ease of use support the attitude toward the actual usage this was in the first test for the relation and in the second test was found that the subjective norms was prejudicial value to the social presence and the actual use but lower support for the actual use. The study focuses on the time which makes the effects of the variable in the attitude. Which means perceived usefulness directly changed by times after use the system.And the study was conducted by (Yalcinkaya B.A M.S, 2007) to investigate the acceptance for the police officer for the POLNET system in Turkish. The study found that Perceived ease of use has a positive effect on attitude and intentions to use the system. And the study considers that the variable ease of use considered the main factor effe cting in the attitude toward behavior attention to actual usage. This Result supported the result for the last study by (Venkatesh Davis, 2000) which conformed that perceived ease of use is strongly related to the system usage. Beside that the study found that there is positive affect for Perceived ease of use on perceived usefulness of police Officers using the system. In another ward, those police officers preferred to use the system because its easy to use. And the same for Perceived usefulness has a positive effect on the attitude and has a strongly effect on Attitude and Intention to Use the information technology, the study mentioned that Turkish police officers using the system because they perceive the system is useful. Hence, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use are very strong predictive factors on attitude and intention to use the system.From the pervious two studies, both studies (Yang, 2007 Yalcinkaya B.A M.S, 2007) confirm that perceived ease of use and pe rceived usefulness affect on the attitude which in the same time attitude affect on the behavior intention to use toward the actual use for the technology. Regardless the stronger affect on the attitude.The study conducted by(Ahn Ryu Han, 2007)which its goal to investigated the raillery effect ion on user acceptance of online retailing , tested factors of Web quality and the relationship between those factors and user acceptance behavior. The study found that there are significant between playfulness and attitude and behavior intention to use. Even there is significant and influences for service quality, perceived strengths of system and information on playfulness, usefulness, and perceived ease of use. Even there are significant for System quality influence on usefulness, ease of use and playfulness. Even Information quality had significant influenced on usefulness, ease of use and playfulness. Service quality had significant influence on playfulness, ease of use and usefulness. Besides that Playfulness considered an important factor affecting the attitude and intention to use online retailing users.In contrast, to the study conducted by (Kiraz Ozdemir , 2006) which target the utilization of technology integration in the classroom focussed on educational ideology, a factor not related to technology that also affects decisions in terms of educational applications. The study found that there is a direct effect of perceived usefulness on the actual use, and there is also a direct affect of perceived ease of use on attitudes. Besides, this study showed that attitudes towards the usage effected by perceived usefulness, and there is no significant effect of attitude towards usage and the actual use, this contrast the result in (TAM).Also, the study shows that there is no significant relationship between perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness. In another wards, there is a strong positive relationship between pre-service teachers perceived ease of use of educational technology and their attitudes toward use. The study mentioned that all of the ideologies were mentioned have effects on attitudes toward use. Moreover, educational anarchism, educational libertinism, and educational intellectualism have an effect on the perceived usefulness of technology. Both studies show that there is affect for perceived ease of use and usefulness on the attitude towards the behavior intention to use toward the use of the technology.Perceived ease of use and perceived usefulnessIt is important to understand that the perceived usefulness and the perceived ease of use of the technology are not formed solely by the usefulness and ease of use of the technology. According to the study was conducted by (Park Brien Caine Rogers Fisk Ittersum Capar Parsons, 2006) which aimed to identify variables that can provide more understanding for technology acceptance. The study mentioned that there are many variables affecting the technology acceptance like technology characteristics, organization characteristics, subjective norm, User characteristics all interacted with the acceptance through out a positive effect on perceived usefulness.Beside that, the study was conducted by (Kishore Lee McLean, 2001) which used social cognitive theory (SCT), computer self-efficacy (CSE), technology acceptance model (TAM), the risk management, personal general innovativeness and specific computer self-efficacy to extend TAM. The study was mentioned that perceived usefulness and ease of use were granted as the main factors effecting in the actual usage.Also, the study was conducted by (goeke, 2006) which aimed to examine the effects of experience and expertise on the actual use for the data warehouse by using TAM. The study found that perceived usefulness and ease of use had significant effect on the usage for the technology and the usefulness stronger in the effect then ease of use. Even there is direct effect for the usefulness in the actual usage for the system. Also found there is direct effect for ease of use on perceived usefulness. And there is positive effect for the external variable on both perceived usefulness and ease of use.The result from (goeke, 2006) was supported in the study was conducted by (Brown, 2002) which aimed to examine perceived ease of use for the technology web-based in learning environment in developing country not developed country. And the finding was that the study confirms TAM relations that ease of use predicts the usefulness and the actual usage but usefulness doesnt predict the actual usage. besides, there are significant influences for self-efficacy and ease of finding and ease of understanding on perceived ease of use and ease of understanding more influences than ease of finding on perceived ease of use and the self-efficacy is the strongest influences on the ease of use but computer anxiety was the fewer influences.Inconsistent with prior research (Bani-Ali Money, 2005) the effect of ease of use is lower than other proposed factors. A possible explanation is that users level of experience with new software may influence the relative importance of system ease of use. Despite, the study which contacted by (Hasan Ali, 2006) to distinguished between general, system-specific CSE and examines the effects of both levels of CSE on two key training outcomes reactions and learning performance. Reactions were examined with respect to perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness. The findings were that general CSE had significant effects on perceived ease of use and far-transfer learning. Even the study found that GCSE demonstrated a non-significant positive effect on perceived usefulness. On the other hand, SCSE exhibited a non-significant negative effect on perceived usefulness this because study were measured two weeks after training.Also, The Study was conducted by (Saeed Helm, 2008) which proposes that perceived usefulness affected by information quality and system integration which will then drive post adoption usage of the IS. The study findings support that system integration and information quality are significant predictors for usefulness, even usefulness positively and significantly relates to extended usage and exploratory usage. The Study mentioned that perceived usefulness affects the initial acceptance of IS, that means, there is a stronger relation between exploratory usage and usefulness.More over, the study was conducted by (Gyampah Salam, 2003) which aimed to examine ERP training and ERP project communication, will affect the TAM variables only through the psychological variable-shared beliefs in the perceived benefits of the ERP system. The study found that perceived usefulness is the important factor affecting in the beliefs to make positive attitudes towards the system. Even that the study supports that perceived ease of use not affect attitude towards using particular system. This supports others studies that show that perceived ease of use does not have a significant on attitude in the usage for the system. Even was found that training has important and significant positive influences on the shared beliefs in the benefits of the system and shared beliefs influence both the perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use of the system through out affect attitude, which in turn affects intention to behavior. Study confirms that communication with effective training affect the core TAM variables. And the training on the system has significant affect on perceived ease of use.Besides that, the study was conducted by (Yi Hwang, 2003) in the intrinsic motivation and computer self-efficacy research to Technology Acceptance Model in order to predict the use of web-based information systems. It found that behavioral intention and self-efficacy have a significant effect on actual use. Even perceived enjoyment and self-efficacy were significant determinants of ease of use. Even was found that self-efficacy was a strong determ inant for ease of use and actual use. The study supported all the relations were purposed in the technology acceptance model. Even the studies (Klloppiing McKiinneyy, 2004 Jones S. Hubona, 2005) support that too.Perceived usefulness and playfulness considered as importance from the naif e-commerce shoppers prospective. That means sites playfulness is essential to perceptions of usefulness, while for more experienced e-commerce shoppers, the perceived usefulness of the site can be evident independent of its playfulness, that was proved in the study was conducted by (Klopping McKinney, 2006) which conducted to examines the role of experience on consumers intentions to shop online. The study found that experience has direct and indirect effects on intention to use e-commerce, and there are moderating effects on perceived usefulness, playfulness, and self efficacy to intention to use e-commerce. Besides, there is a significant difference in the relationship of playfulness on perceiv ed usefulness between inexperienced e-commerce shoppers and experienced e-commerce shoppers.Even, in the study was conducted by(T-Pikkarainen K-Pikkarainen Karjaluoto Pahnila ,2004) which aimed to increase the understanding of the factors that influence online banking acceptance from the technology acceptance model (TAM) prospective and to study consumer acceptance of online banking in Finland . it found that Perceived usefulness, Perceived ease of use, perceived enjoyment, information on online banking, and security and privacy have an impact on the acceptance of online banking and Perceived usefulness and the tot up of information on online banking the most factors influence the use of online banking services. And found that Perceived usefulness was more than Perceived ease of use effective in explaining technology acceptance.There is significant in the relation between perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use for accepting the technology, that was supported by (Almutair i, 2007) which aim to test the applicability of the technology acceptance model (TAM) in Kuwaiti ministries in order to understand the information technology in the government utilities, that also was supported in The study conducted by (Singletary Akbulut Houston, 2002) which purposed to identify factors that effect the acceptance of high school students for software application when the initial use of the application is mandatory. The finding was that there are positive relationships between perceived usefulness, ease of use and innovative usage behavior and there is a positive relationship between perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use.The study was conducted by (Venkatesh Morris, 2000) which aimed to investigated gender differences in the context of individual adoption and the study conformed technology usage in the employment by using technology acceptance model. The study found that There is a difference between women and men in that men perceived usefulness to a gr eater longitudinal than women in using a new technology. And perceived ease of use was more important to women compared with men after basic training and by the time with more experience in using the system that make not significant and not affect on the intention to use the system. But for women ease of use consider the important to affect the intention to use the system.Individual differencesIndividual acceptance for IT becomes an issue for resea

Abortion :: essays research papers fc

AbortionWhen unmatched thinks about a topic that would have several different opinions, many amours can come to point. One thing that came to my mind was abortion because it is one of the most controversial issues in the United States, possibly the world. I reviewed several articles from several different sources and came to see that everyone sees the topic of abortion is a different way. Some see it simply as an election issue, and some see it as murder and think it should be banned. The articles I reviewed came from BBCnews.com, The Washington Post, The unsanded York Times, and The Public Agenda.com.Tony Blair is one man that looks at abortion and wonders why it is an election issue. Tony Blair quoted, Abortion is a very key issue. The policy supported by Mr. Howard is one that we would commend, on the way to a full abandonment of abortion. This quote shows that Mr. Blair is one of the people who believe that abortion should be banned as well. The Catholic church supports him in this argument. But what about the thirteen year old girl who was raped. Should she be allowed to have an abortion when she becomes pregnant? She willing not have this weft if it is banned. According to the public agenda, more than three quarters of the American people believe that a woman should be allowed to have an abortion if having the child will affect the mothers health, if a woman is raped, or commits incest. This drops to thirty four percent when a woman wants to have an abortion because of economic issues, such as thought process they cannot afford to have a baby.The majority of the people believe that the government should not involved with the topic of abortion. I strongly agree with this. The one thing that really makes me angry is to see the American soldiers over in Iraq dieing to get rights for the people of Iraq, but yet the government is trying to take away our rights in America. A woman should be able to do what she wants with her body.

The Importance of Education in Preventing Prejudice Essays -- Importan

Ignorance is a huge problem, it is one of the biggest factors responsible for issues such as racism and sexism. Luckily, ignorance, gener completelyy speaking, is a relatively easy issue to fix. The obvious answer here would be more education, but this is not necessarily the case. In order to eliminate much of the racism, sexism, and other forms of prejudice that arise due to ignorance, it is necessary to look at education from another perspective one that encourages togetherness and development alongside people of all races and genders. One quote by Grace Boggs book The Next American Revolution summarizes the issue perfectly. Just imagine what our neighborhoods would be like if, instead of safekeeping our children isolated in classrooms for twelve eld and more, we engaged them in community-building activities with the same audacity with which the civil rights movement engaged them in desegregation activities fifty years ago ...Our children will be absorbing naturally and n ormally the values of social responsibility and cooperation at the same time that they are being enliven to learn the skills and acquire the information necessary to solve real problems (Boggs 158). So, the main point here is that prejudice, against all sexes, genders, and creeds, can be eliminated via education that encourages cooperation with the largest variety of people. In order to understand this concept, it is necessary to look at it from a few different perspectives to analyze its viability in modern society.First, it is necessary to examine the current effigy within education in order to determine exactly what it is about the modern system that requires changing. One of the most immediate concerns comes as a number of the school facilities the... ...r through the power of music, will not be forgotten. Racism, sexism, and other forms of prejudice are simply not acceptable in modern society, and the preferably they can be eliminated altogether, the sooner the world can t ruly advance.Works CitedBoggs, Grace Lee, and Scott Kurashige. The next American revolution Sustainable activism for the twenty-first century. University of California Pr, 2012. Print.Dyson, Michael Eric. beef If You Hear Me 2006 Searching for Tupac Shakur. Basic Civitas Books, 2006. Print.Godin, Seth. Stop stealing dreams. 2012. Print.Hooks, Bell. Teaching to transgress Education as the practice of freedom. Vol. 4. New York Routledge, 1994. Print.Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels. Manifesto of the communist party. CH Kerr & Company, 1906. Print.Tupac Resurrection Dir. Lauren Lazin. Perf. Tupac Shakur. 2003. Film.